Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Veterinary Sciences

347 Pages·2020·4.296 MB·English

by  Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo, Amar Pal

Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
Amar Pal   Editors
Mesenchymal
Stem Cell in
Veterinary
Sciences
Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Veterinary
Sciences
Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo • Amar Pal
Editors
Mesenchymal Stem Cell
in Veterinary Sciences
Editors
Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo Amar Pal
Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex Division of Surgery
FVSc & AH, SKUAST-Kashmir Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Jammu and Kashmir, India Izatnagar, India
ISBN 978-981-15-6036-1 ISBN 978-981-15-6037-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6037-8
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Preface
Tissues and/or organs are constituted by building blocks, the cells. These cells are
either undifferentiated stem cells or differentiated tissue-specific cells. The minis-
cule number of available undifferentiated stem cells act as a reserve to maintain
normal cell turn-over and thereby, tissue homeostasis. The differentiated cells per-
form the tissue-specific function. For a substantial and effective cellular therapy, the
cells have to be sufficient in quantity and compatible with the recipient immune
system, besides expressing as per the tissue requirements. The differentiated cells
taken from the particular tissue source often are limited in number, have little or no
proliferation potential and elicit the immune response in the recipient upon alloge-
neic or xenogeneic transplantation. Contrarily, the stem cells especially mesenchy-
mal stem cells (MSCs) can be harvested from almost all the body tissue sources
including the foetal membranes and have good proliferation and trans-d ifferentiation
potential. MSCs tend to have little tendency to elicit an immune response in the
recipient even upon allogeneic or xenogeneic applications. These cells have mini-
mal teratogenic and ethical issues normally associated with the pluripotent stem
cells. However, MSCs unlike that of pluripotent stem cells tend to have limited
proliferation potential.
The advancement of stem cell biology is increasing by each passing day and has
found its way into the clinical applications under regenerative medicine, a branch of
tissue engineering. Due to the limited understanding in the cellular characteristics,
ipso facto MSCs therapeutic applications currently come under the advanced ther-
apy medicinal products (ATMPs). The role of microenvironment in cellular fate
remains to be understood. Such an understanding shall aid in their definitive utiliza-
tion in regenerative medicine.
There are many books that discuss stem cells and their features and have invari-
ably focused on their applications in humans. However, the book on stem cells
especially mesenchymal stem cells and their applications in veterinary species is
very much lacking. The pressing need for a book that provides a comprehensive
introduction to the field and summarizes its recent progress in veterinary sciences
has given rise to this book. This current work discusses the mesenchymal stem cell
features and their applications in veterinary species. The book starts with introduc-
tion to the stem cells. In the introductory chapters, the stem cell properties and types
are discussed followed by the details of the mesenchymal stem cell sources, isola-
tion, culturing and characterization, and preservation. This is followed by a chapter
v
vi Preface
on the effect of different cues on mesenchymal stem cells properties. Thereafter, the
species-specific mesenchymal stem cell features including the complexities in their
characteristics, besides, their potential applications have been discussed. Finally,
the book is concluded with the summary and future research avenues of MSCs.
We thank all the contributors for their hard work and valuable contributions.
Jammu and Kashmir, India Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo
Izatnagar, India Amar Pal
Acknowledgement
With all the humility I thank almighty “Allah” the most Beneficent, the most
Merciful, who blessed me with limitless strength and favourable circumstances, to
face and pass through all odds successfully at this juncture.
I feel a great sense of elation and fulfilment to submit this tiny drop of work in
the ocean of human knowledge to benefit the differently abled creatures surround-
ing and helping us in many ways. The completion of this work would not have been
possible without the help and support of many people.
I would like to appreciate the contribution of all those teachers from childhood
till now who played an important role in my life to reach this place without which
the realization of the present work into practice would have been a dream. Apart
from the teaching faculty, schools/institutes that I attended like Miranda Public
High School, Srinagar, SP Higher Secondary School, Srinagar, SKUAST-Jammu
and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, during the course have been the
ocean that taught me to swim in all the spheres of life and reach to the stage. A spe-
cial thanks go to all the stem cell scientists who burn themselves and provide the
literature that makes the material in the book.
I am highly thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB),
Government of India that provided the financial support and infused zeal in me to
conduct the stem cell research and come out with this piece. I really feel elated to
convey my gratitude to the SKUAST-Kashmir under which I am currently working.
This institute has provided me the platform to express my potential to the best of my
capacities. The faculty members of the institute have provided great company
through the journey.
Literary skills grope in the dark when it comes to express what I owe to my fam-
ily. These mean achievements to which I lay claim today have all precipitated from
the sincere prayers and silent sacrifices of my Pappa and Mummy. The blessings,
love, guidance and affection provided by my sister and brother-in-law deserve a
special mention. I admit myself being incapable to pay regards in words to the affec-
tion, blessings, encouragement and dedication of my wife that made many difficult
tasks easier for me. In recent times, the happiest moment and encouragement of my
life has probably been my daughter.
I am highly thankful to Dr Bhavik Sawhney, Editor-Biomedicine, Springer
Nature for his guidance and timely help in giving final shape to this book. I admit
the affections and encouragement provided to me by my extended family. This list
vii
viii Acknowledgement
is obviously incomplete but allows me to submit that the omissions are inadvertent
and I once again record my deep-felt gratitude to all those associated with me in this
endeavour.
Finally, I supplicate to Allah (SWT), the One who listens and responds to sup-
plications, “Oh Allah, guide me to the right path, the path of those on whom You
have bestowed Your favors, not of those who have incurred Your wrath, nor of those
who have gone astray and let not me die except in the state of pure submission to
You alone”. Aameen.
About the Book
During the last few years, a large volume of information has been generated on stem
cell types, their biological nature, in vitro and in vivo behaviour and potential appli-
cation in research and therapy. This book makes a systematic collection of the sci-
entific information scattered in the literature on different aspects of stem cell
research. The focus of the book is on mesenchymal stem cells as they have been
investigated most extensively for therapeutic application in animals. The contents of
the book have been designed to include all the relevant information about the mes-
enchymal stem cells of animal origin. The initial chapter covers the historical aspect
and chronology of developments in the field of stem cell research. The details about
the basic properties and nature of the stem cells are provided. A comprehensive
account of the materials and methods used for isolation of mesenchymal stem cells
from different sources, culture expansion, characterization and long-term storage
has been given in the subsequent chapters. The book also provides a logical appraisal
of the mechanisms involved in therapeutic efficacy, immunomodulation and anti-
inflammatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells. The book also highlights
knowledge about the interaction between the stem cells and their environment and
factors responsible for the maintenance of stemness. A chapter in the book has been
dedicated to genetic engineering relevant to stem cell research for their better
exploitation for research and therapy in animals. The major section of the book is
devoted to the recount of the research efforts and their outcomes towards the poten-
tial application of mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative research and therapy in
important species of domestic and pet animals including sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo,
cat, dog and horse. The book also presents an abridgement of challenges and future
prospects of stem cell research and application in medicine in general and veteri-
nary sciences in particular.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction to Stem Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
M. B. Gugjoo
2 Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
M. B. Gugjoo, Amar Pal, and G. T. Sharma
3 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation, Culture, Characterization
and Cryopreservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
M. B. Gugjoo, Amar Pal, V. Chandra, and G. T. Sharma
4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immuno- Modulatory
and/Anti-Inflammatory Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
M. B. Gugjoo and Amar Pal
5 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Properties and Available
Microenvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
M. B. Gugjoo and Amar Pal
6 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Genetic Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
M. B. Gugjoo, E. Rasool, and Amar Pal
7 Sheep Mesenchymal Stem Cell Basic Research and Potential
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
M. B. Gugjoo and Amar Pal
8 Goat Mesenchymal Stem Cell Basic Research and Potential
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
M. B. Gugjoo, Amar Pal, M. R. Fazili, R. A. Shah, M. S. Mir, and
G. T. Sharma
9 Cattle/Buffalo Mesenchymal Stem Cell Basic Research and
Potential Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
M. B. Gugjoo, Amar Pal, M. R. Fazili, R. A. Shah, and G. T. Sharma
10 Cat Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characteristics and
Potential Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
M. B. Gugjoo and Amar Pal
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