Membrane technologies for water treatment : removal of toxic trace elements with emphasis on arsenic, fluoride and uranium

332 Pages·2016·28.83 MB·English

by  Bundschuh

1 Series: Sustainable Water Developments 1
Figoli
Hoinkis
Bundschuh
This book focuses on the application of membrane technologies in removing toxic metals/
metalloids and fl uoride from water. Particular attention is devoted to the removal of arsenic,
uranium, and fl uoride. These compounds are all existing in the earth’s crust at levels between
two and fi ve thousands micrograms per kg (parts per million) on average and these compounds
can be considered highly toxic to humans, who are exposed to them primarily from air, food
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and water. In order to comply with the present-day maximum contaminant levels, numerous e
studies have been undertaken to improve established treatments or to develop novel treatment m
technologies for removing toxic metals/metalloids and fl uoride from contaminated surface and b
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groundwater. Among the technologies available, applicable for water treatment, membrane a
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technologies have been identifi ed as promising technologies to remove such toxic elements from e

water. The book describes both pressure driven (traditional processes, such as nanofi ltration, T
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reverse osmosis, ultrafi ltration, etc.) and more advanced membrane processes (such as forward c
osmosis, membrane distillation, and membrane bio-reactors) employed in the application of hn Membrane Technologies for
interest. Key aspect of this book is to provide information on both the basics of membrane o
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technologies and on the results depending on the type of technology employed.
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The book series addresses novel techniques and measures related to sustainable water de- W
velopments with an interdisciplinary focus on different fi elds of water resources assessment a Removal of Toxic Trace Elements with Emphasis
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and management, freshwater production, water and wastewater treatment and wastewater e
r on Arsenic, Fluoride and Uranium
reuse as well as water-effi cient technologies and water-saving measures. Particular attention is
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paid to the role of water issues within the water-energy-food-public health-ecosystem-climate re
nexus. a
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Water and wastewater industries are rapidly growing sectors providing signifi cant opportunities
e
for investments. This applies especially to those industries using sustainable water and
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wastewater technologies, which are increasingly favored. t
The series of books constitutes an information source and facilitator for the transfer of
knowledge, focusing on practical solutions and better understanding. It is aimed at academics,
manufacturers and consultants, and professionals from governmental and non-governmental
organizations, international funding agencies, public health, policy, regulatory and other
relevant institutions, as well as the wider public, and targets communities and industries both
great and small.
The series includes books authored and edited by world-renowned scientists and engineers as
well as by leading authorities in economics and politics. Women are particularly encouraged to
contribute, either as author or editor.
SERIES EDITOR: Jochen Bundschuh
Editors: Alberto Figoli, Jan Hoinkis & Jochen Bundschuh
an informa business
MEMBRANETECHNOLOGIESFORWATERTREATMENT:REMOVALOFTOXIC
TRACEELEMENTSWITHEMPHASISONARSENIC,FLUORIDEANDURANIUM
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Sustainable Water Developments
Resources, Management, Treatment,
Efficiency and Reuse
Series Editor
Jochen Bundschuh
UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia
RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden
ISSN:2373-7506
Volume 1
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Membrane Technologies for Water
Treatment: Removal of Toxic Trace
Elements with Emphasis on Arsenic,
Fluoride and Uranium
Editors
AlbertoFigoli
InstituteofMembraneTechnology,ITM-CNR,Rende(CS),Italy
JanHoinkis
KarlsruheUniversityofAppliedSciences,InstituteofAppliedResearch,Karlsruhe,Germany
JochenBundschuh
DeputyViceChancellor’sOffice(ResearchandInnovation)&FacultyofHealth,Engineeringand
Sciences,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia&RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,
Sweden
Coverphoto
TheupperphotoshowsoneofthelargestreverseosmosisplantsinSouthAmerica,whichtreats
arsenic-ladenwatercomingfromtheboreholesinVirreyDelPinoinLaMatanza,BuenosAires,
Argentinabymeansofthereverseosmosissystem.Itproduces47,040m3 ofdrinkingwaterper
dayfor400,000inhabitants.
TheotherphotoshowsthetapofanautonomousdesalinationplantMörkDesalinTMfordrinking
water production in developing countries which has been put on the market by the German
companyMörkWaterSolutions,Leonberg.
CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2016Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
PrintedandBoundinTheNetherlandsbyPrintSupport4U,Meppel
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedhereinmaybe
reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,
mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfrom
thepublishers.
Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationandthe
informationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthorforany
damagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthispublicationand/or
theinformationcontainedherein.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Figoli,Alberto,editor.|Hoinkis,Jan,editor.|Bundschuh,Jochen,editor.
Title:Membranetechnologiesforwatertreatment:removaloftoxictraceelementswith
emphasisonarsenic,fluorideanduranium/editors,AlbertoFigoli,InstituteofMembrane
Technology,ITM-CNR,Rende(CS),Italy,JanHoinkis,KarlsruheUniversityofApplied
Sciences,InstituteofAppliedResearch,Karlsruhe,Germany,JochenBundschuh,Deputy
ViceChancellor’sOffice(ResearchandInnovation)&FacultyofHealth,Engineeringand
Sciences,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia&RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),
Stockholm,Sweden.
Description:Leiden,TheNetherlands;BocaRaton:CRCPress/Balkema,[2016]|
Series:Sustainablewaterdevelopments;volume1|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2015050193(print)|LCCN2016004943(ebook)|ISBN
9781138027206(hardcover:alk.paper)|ISBN9781315735238(eBookPDF)|
ISBN9781315735238(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Water—Purification—Membranefiltration.|
Water—Purification—Arsenicremoval.|Arsenic—Environmentalaspects.|
Uranium—Environmentalaspects.|Fluoride—Environmentalaspects.
Classification:LCCTD442.5.M45862016(print)|LCCTD442.5(ebook)|DDC
628.1/64—dc23
LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2015050193
Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema
P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN:978-1-138-02720-6(Hardback)
ISBN:978-1-315-73523-8(eBookPDF)
About the book series
Augmentation of freshwater supply and better sanitation are two of the world’s most pressing
challenges.However,suchimprovementsmustbedoneeconomicallyinanenvironmentallyand
societallysustainableway.
Increasingly,groundwater–thesourcethatismuchlargerthansurfacewaterandwhichprovides
astablesupplythroughalltheseasons–isusedforfreshwatersupply,whichisexploitedfromever-
deeper groundwater resources. However, the availability of groundwater in sufficient quantity
andgoodqualityisseverelyimpactedbytheincreasedwaterdemandforindustrialproduction,
cooling in energy production, public water supply and in particular agricultural use, which at
presentconsumesonaglobalscaleabout70%oftheexploitedfreshwaterresources.Inaddition,
climate change may have a positive or negative impact on freshwater availability, but which
oneispresentlyunknown.Thesedevelopmentsresultinacontinuouslyincreasingwaterstress,
as has already been observed in several world regions and which has adverse implications for
the security of food, water and energy supplies, the severity of which will further increase in
future.Thisdemandscase-specificmitigationandadaptationpathways, whichrequireabetter
assessmentandunderstandingofsurfacewaterandgroundwatersystemsandhowtheyinteract
withaviewtoimprovetheirprotectionandtheireffectiveandsustainablemanagement.
Withthecurrentandanticipatedincreasedfuturefreshwaterdemand,itisincreasinglydifficult
to sustain freshwater supply security without producing freshwater from contaminated, brack-
ishorsalinewaterandreusingagricultural,industrial,andmunicipalwastewaterafteradequate
treatment,whichextendsthelifecycleofwaterandisbeneficialnotonlytotheenvironmentbut
alsoleadstocostreduction.Watertreatment,particularlydesalination,requireslargeamountsof
energy,makingenergy-efficientoptionsanduseofrenewableenergiesimportant.Thetechnolo-
gies,whichcaneitherbesophisticatedorsimple,usephysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocesses
forwaterandwastewatertreatment,toproducefreshwaterofadesiredquality.Bothindustrial-
scaleapproachesandsmaller-scaleapplicationsareimportantbutneedadifferenttechnological
approach. In particular, low-tech, cost-effective, but at the same time sustainable water and
wastewatertreatmentsystems,suchasartificialwetlandsorwastewatergardens,areoptionssuit-
ableformanysmall-scaleapplications.Technologicalimprovementsandfindingnewapproaches
toconventionaltechnologies(e.g.thoseofseawaterdesalination),anddevelopmentofinnovative
processes, approaches, andmethodstoimprovewaterandwastewatertreatmentandsanitation
areneeded. Improvingeconomic, environmentalandsocietalsustainabilityneedsresearchand
developmenttoimproveprocessdesign, operation, performance, automationandmanagement
ofwaterandwastewatersystemsconsideringaims,andlocalconditions.
Inallfreshwaterconsumingsectors,theincreasingwaterscarcityandcorrespondinglyincreas-
ingcostsoffreshwater,callsforashifttowardsmorewaterefficiencyandwatersavings.Inthe
industrial and agricultural sector, it also includes the development of technologies that reduce
contaminationoffreshwaterresources,e.g.throughdevelopmentofachemical-freeagriculture.
Inthedomesticsector,thereareplentyofoptionsforfreshwatersavingandimprovingefficiency
suchaswater-efficienttoilets,water-freetoilets,oron-siterecyclingforusessuchastoiletflush-
ing,whichalonecouldprovideanestimated30%reductioninwaterusefortheaveragehousehold.
Asalreadymentioned,inallwater-consumingsectors,therecyclingandreuseoftherespective
wastewatercanprovideanimportantfreshwatersource.However,therateatwhichthesewater
efficienttechnologiesandwater-savingapplicationsaredevelopedandadopteddependsonthe
behaviorofindividualconsumersandrequiresfavorablepolitical,policyandfinancialconditions.
vii
viii Aboutthebookseries
Duetotheinterdependencyofwaterandenergy(water-energynexus); i.e. waterproduction
needsenergy(e.g.forgroundwaterpumping)andenergygenerationneedswater(e.g.forcooling),
themanagementofbothcommoditiesshouldbemorecoordinated.Thisrequiresintegratedenergy
andwaterplanning,i.e.managementofbothcommoditiesinawell-coordinatedformratherthan
managingwaterandenergyseparatelyasisroutineatpresent.Onlysuchintegratedmanagement
allowsreducingtrade-offsbetweenwaterandenergyuse.
However, water is not just linked to energy, but must be considered within the whole of the
water-energy-food-ecosystem-climatenexus.Thisrequiresconsiderationofwhataplannedwater
development requires from the other sectors or how it affects – positively or negatively – the
other sectors. Such integrated management of water and the other interlinked resources can
implementsynergies,reducetrade-offs,optimizeresourcesuseandmanagementefficiency,all
in all improving security of water, energy, and food security and contributing to protection of
ecosystemsandclimate.Correspondingactions,policiesandregulationsthatsupportsuchintegral
approaches, as well as corresponding research, training and teaching are necessary for their
implementation.
Thefactthatinmanydevelopingandtransitioncountrieswomenaredisproportionatelydis-
advantaged by water and sanitation limitation requires special attention to this aspect in these
countries. Women (including schoolgirls) often spend several hours a day fetching water.This
timecouldbemuchbetterusedforattendingschoolorworkingtoimproveknowledgeandskills
aswellastogenerateincomeandsotoreducegenderinequalityandpoverty.Absenceofin-door
sanitaryfacilitiesexposeswomentopotentialharassment.Moreover,missingsingle-sexsanita-
tionfacilitiesinschoolsandabsenceofcleanwatercontributestodiseases.Thisiswhywomenand
girlsareacriticalfactorinsolvingwaterandsanitationproblemsinthesecountriesandnecessi-
tatesthatmenandwomenworksidebysidetoaddressthewaterandwastewaterrelatedoperations
forimprovementofeconomic,socialandsustainablefreshwaterprovisionandsanitation.
Individualvolumespublishedintheseriesspanthewidespectrumbetweenresearch,develop-
mentandpracticeinthetopicoffreshwaterandrelatedareassuchasgenderandsocialaspects
aswellaspolicy,regulatory,legalandeconomicaspectsofwater.Theseriescoversallfieldsand
facetsinoptimalapproachestothe:
• Assessment,protection,developmentandsustainablemanagementofgroundwaterandsurface
waterresourcestherebyoptimizingtheiruse.
• Improvementofhumanaccesstowaterresourcesinadequatequantityandgoodquality.
• Meeting of the increasing demand for drinking water, and irrigation water needed for food
andenergysecurity,protectionofecosystemsandclimateandcontributiontoasociallyand
economicallysoundhumandevelopment.
• Treatmentofwaterandwastewateralsoincludingitsreuse.
• Implementationofwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures.
Akeygoaloftheseriesistoincludeallcountriesoftheglobeinjointlyaddressingthechallenges
ofwatersecurityandsanitation.Therefore,weaimforabalancedselectionofauthorsandeditors
originating from developing and developed countries as well as for gender equality. This will
helpsocietytoprovideaccesstofreshwaterresourcesinadequatequantityandofgoodquality,
meetingtheincreasingdemandfordrinkingwater, domesticwaterandirrigationwaterneeded
forfoodsecuritywhilecontributingtosociallyandeconomicallysounddevelopment.
Thisbookseriesaimstobecomeastate-of-the-artresourceforabroadgroupofreadersinclud-
ingprofessionals,academicsandstudentsdealingwithgroundandsurfacewaterresources,their
assessment,exploitationandmanagementaswellasthewaterandwastewaterindustry.Thiscom-
prisesespeciallyhydrogeologists,hydrologists,waterresourcesengineers,wastewaterengineers,
chemicalengineersandenvironmentalengineersandscientists.
Thebookseriesprovidesasourceofvaluableinformationonsurfacewaterbutespeciallyon
aquifers and groundwater resources in all their facets. As such, it covers not only the scien-
tific and technical aspects but also environmental, legal, policy, economic, social, and gender
Aboutthebookseries ix
aspects of groundwater resources management. Without departing from the larger framework
ofintegratedgroundwaterresourcesmanagement, thetopicsarecenteredonwater, soluteand
heat transport in aquifers, hydrogeochemical processes in aquifers, contamination, protection,
resourcesassessmentanduse.
The book series constitutes an information source and facilitator for the transfer of knowl-
edge,bothforsmallcommunitieswithdecentralizedwatersupplyandsanitationaswellaslarge
industriesthatemployhundredsorthousandsofprofessionalsincountriesworldwide,working
in the different fields of freshwater production, wastewater treatment and water reuse as well
asthoseconcernedwithwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures. Incontrastto
manyotherindustries,sufferingfromtheglobaleconomicdownturn,waterandwastewaterindus-
triesarerapidlygrowingsectorsprovidingsignificantopportunitiesforinvestments.Thisapplies
especiallytothoseusingsustainablewaterandwastewatertechnologies,whichareincreasingly
favored. The series is also aimed at communities, manufacturers and consultants as well as a
rangeofstakeholdersandprofessionalsfromgovernmentalandnon-governmentalorganizations,
internationalfundingagencies, publichealth, policy, regulatingandotherrelevantinstitutions,
and the broader public. It is designed to increase awareness of water resources protection and
understanding of sustainable water and wastewater solutions including the promotion of water
andwastewaterreuseandwatersavings.
Byconsolidatinginternationalresearchandtechnicalresults,theobjectiveofthisbookseries
istofocusonpracticalsolutionsinbetterunderstandinggroundwaterandsurfacewatersystems,
theimplementationofsustainablewaterandwastewatertreatmentandwaterreuseandtheimple-
mentationofwaterefficienttechnologiesandwatersavingmeasures.Failingtoimproveandmove
forwardwouldhaveserioussocial,environmentalandeconomicimpactsonaglobalscale.
Thebookseriesincludesbooksauthoredandeditedbyworld-renownedscientistsandengineers
and by leading authorities in economics and politics. Women are particularly encouraged to
contribute,eitherasauthororeditor.
JochenBundschuh
(SeriesEditor)