Membrane Physiology

474 Pages·1980·15.35 MB·English

by  J. David Robertson (auth.)

MEMBRANE
PHYSIOLOGY
MEMBRANE
PHYSIOLOGY
Edited by
Thomas E. Andreoli, M.D.
University of Texas, Houston
Joseph F. Hoffman, Ph.D.
Yale University
and
Darrell D. Fanestil, M. D.
University of California, San Diego
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Membrane physiology.
Reprint of pts. 1-3 of Physiology of membrane disorders,
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
l. Membranes (Biology)-Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Biologica! transport
Addresses, essays, lectures.l. Andreoli, ThomasE., 1935- Il. Hoffman, Joseph F.
III. Fanestil, Darrell D. [DNLM: l. Biologica! transport. 2. lons. 3. Membranes
Physiology. 4. Membranes-Physiopathology. 5. Metabolic diseases. QS532.5.M3
M533 l978a]
RB113.P492 611'.0181 80-11718
ISBN 978-1-4757-1720-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-1718-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-1718-1
(Parts 1, II, and III of Physiology of Membrane Disorders)
© 1978, 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1980
All righ ts reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
EDWARD A. ADELBERG, M. D. ROBERT BURNS GUNN, M. D.
Professor of Human Genetics Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Department of
Yale University School of Medicine Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences
New Haven, CT 06510 Pritzker School of Medicine
University of Chicago
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI, M. D.
Chicago, IL 60637
Professor and Chairman
Department of Internal Medicine JOSEPH E HOFFMAN, PH.D.
University of Texas Medical School at Houston Eugene Higgins Professor and Chairman
Houston, TX 77025 Department of Physiology
Yale University School of Medicine
AMIR ASKARI, PH. D.
New Haven, CT 06510
Professor and Chairman
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics PAUL HOROWICZ, PH. D.
Medical College of Ohio Professor and Chairman
Toledo, OH 43614 Department of Physiology
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
TED BEGENISICH, PH. D.
Rochester, NY 14642
Department of Physiology
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry C. HUANG, PH.D.
Rochester, NY 14642 Department of Biochemistry
University of Virginia School of Medicine
PHILIP B. DUNHAM, PH. D.
Charlottesville, VA 22901
Professor of Biology
Syracuse University JOHN A. JACQUEZ, M.D.
Syracuse, NY 13210 Professor
Department of Physiology, The Medical School,
DARRELL D. FANESTIL, M. D.
Department of Biostatistics, The School of Public Health
Professor of Medicine, and Head, Division of Nephrology
The University of Michigan
University of California,San Diego
Ann Arbor, MI 48109
La Jolla, CA 92037
ROLF KINNE, M. D.
ALAN FINKELSTEIN, PH. D.
Max Planck Institute for Biophysics
Professor of Physiology and Biophysics and of Neurosciences
Frankfurt, West Germany
Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Bronx, NY 10461 SALLY KRASNE, PH. D.
Department of Physiology, and
GUIDO GUIDOTTI, PH. D.
The Ahmanson Neurobiology Laboratory of the Brain
Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Research Institute
The Biological Laboratories, Harvard University
University of California Medical School
Cambridge, MA 02138
Los Angeles, CA 90024
v
VI CONTRIBUTORS
PETER K. LA UF, M. D. G. SACHS, M. B., CH. B.
Professor of Physiology Professor of Medicine, and
Department of Physiology Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
Duke University Medical Center Director, Laboratory of Membrane Biology
Durham, NC 27710 University of Alabama Medical Center
Birmingham, AL 35294
ALEXANDER LEAF, M. D.
Chief of Medical Services
Massachusetts General Hospital, and JAMES A. SCHAFER, PH.D.
Jackson Professor of Clinical Medicine Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, and
Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology
Boston, MA 02114 University of Alabama Medical Center
Birmingham, AL 35294
WERNER R. LOEWENSTEIN, PH. D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Physiology and Biophysics MARTIN E SCHNEIDER, PH. D.
University of Miami School of Medicine Associate Professor of Physiology
Miami,oFL 33101 University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Rochester, NY 14642
MARIANNA M. LONG, PH. D.
Research Coordinator
Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, and STANLEY G. SCHULTZ, M. D.
The Cardiovascular Research and Training Center
Professor and Chairman
University of Alabama Medical Center
Department of Physiology
Birmingham, AL 35294
University of Texas Medical School at Houston
ROBERT I. MACEY, PH. D. Houston, TX 77025
Professor of Physiology
Department of Physiology-Anatomy CAROLYN W. SLAYMAN, PH. D.
University of California
Associate Professor of Human Genetics and Physiology
Berkeley, CA 94720
Yale University School of Medicine
ANTHONY D. C. MACKNIGHT, M. D., PH. D. New Haven, CT 06510
Associate Professor of Physiology
University of Otago Medical School
THOMAS E. THOMPSON, PH. D.
Dunedin, New Zealand
Professor of Biochemistry
ROY H. MAFFLY, M.D. University of Virginia School of Medicine
Professor of MediCine Charlottesville, VA 22901
Co-Head, Division of Nephrology
Stanford University Medical Service
DAN W. URRY, PH. D.
Veterans Administration Hospital
Professor of Biochemistry
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Director, Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, and
JAMES W. PUTNEY, JR., PH.D. The Cardiovascular Research and Training Center
Associate Professor of Pharmacology University of Alabama Medical Center
Wayne State University School of Medicine Birmingham, AL 35294
Detroit, MI 48201
J. DAVID ROBERTSON, M. D., PH. D. MICHAEL W. WEINER, M. D.
Professor and Chairman Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Anatomy Stanford University Medical Service
Duke University Medical Center Veterans Administration Hospital
Durham, NC 27710 Palo Alto, CA 94304
Preface
Membrane Physiology is a soft-cover book containing portions of Physiology of Membrane
Disorders, published in larger, hard-cover form in 1978. The parent volume was divided
into five parts, described in detail in the Preface to the hard-cover edition, which is
reproduced in this volume. The present version of Membrane Physiology incorporates the
first three of these parts, including a section on the Nature of Biological Membranes, a
section on Methods for Studying Membranes, and a section on General Problems in
Membrane Biology.
It is the hope of the Editors that this smaller volume will be of value to individuals
interested in general physiology, the methods for studying general physiology, and its
potential application to problems of clinical and physiological relevance. The Preface to
Physiology of Membrane Disorders indicates our general reasoning for developing such a
volume.
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI
JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN
DARRELL D. FANESTIL
Vll
Preface to Physiology of
Membrane Disorders
The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a rational frame of reference
for assessing the pathophysiology of those disorders in which derangements of
membrane transport processes are a major factor responsible for the clinical
manifestations of disease. In the present context, we use the term "membrane
transport processes" in a catholic sense, to refer to those molecular processes
whose cardinal function, broadly speaking, is the vectorial transfer of molecules
either individually or as ensembles-across biological interfaces, the latter includ
ing those interfaces which separate different intracellular compartments, the cellu
lar and extracellular compartments, and secreted fluids-such as glomerular fil
trate-and extracellular fluids. Evidently, consideration of these processes, and of
the pathophysiology of membrane disorders, requires an understanding of the
composition and structure of biomembranes, of the physical rules governing mem
brane transport processes, of the way in which chemical regulators-either physio
logic or pharmacologic-regulate or modify membrane transport processes, and of
the ways in which these events are interpreted into specialized phenomena such as
cell volume regulation, signal transmission in excitable tissues, cell-to-cell commu
nication, and secretory processes in epithelia.
Accordingly, Physiology of Membrane Disorders is divided into five major
sections. Part I, The Nature of Biological Membranes, provides an overview of the
physical structure and composition of plasma membranes, and of the dynamic
relations between structure and function. Part II, Methods for Studying Mem
branes, provides insights into the ways, including theoretical, chemical, and physi
cal techniques, in which one may assess the characteristics of membranes and
membrane systems. Part III, General Problems in Membrane Biology, furnishes a
general description of events-e.g., active and passive solute permeation, cell
volume regulation, cellular communications, and the effect of drugs, hormones, and
immune reactions on these phenomena-common to most biomembranes. Part IV,
Transport Events in Specialized Cells, Tissues, and Organs, is an account of
transport events unique to certain specialized systems, e.g., unique cell types,
excitable tissues, and vanous epithelia. Finally, Part V, Clinical Disorders of
Membrane Disorders, utilizes the concepts presented in Parts I-IV to analyze
IX
x
PREFACE
current information and views about the pathophysiology and chemical manifesta
tions of a number of disorders in which aberrancies of membrane structure and/or
function playa major role in disease pathogenesis. Finally, our particular thanks to
Donna Gunnin for her invaluable help in copyediting the book.
THOMAS E. ANDREOLI
JOSEPH F. HOFFMAN
DARRELL D. FANESTIL
Contents
PART I: THE NATURE OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
CHAPTER 1: The Anatomy of Biological Interfaces .............. . 1
J. DAVID ROBERTSON
CHAPTER 2: Dynamics of Lipids in Biomembranes .............. . 27
T.E. THOMPSON AND C. HUANG
CHAPTER 3: Membrane Proteins: Structure
and Arrangement in the Membrane ................ . 49
GUIDO GUIDOTTI
PART II: METHODS FOR STUDYING MEMBRANES
CHAPTER 4: The Nature and Limitations of Electron
Microscopic Methods in Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
J. DAVID ROBERTSON
CHAPTER 5: Isolation and Characterization of Biological
Membranes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
GEORGE SACHS AND ROLF KINNE
CHAPTER 6: Ultraviolet Absorption, Circulation Dichroism,
and Optical Rotatory Dispersion in
Biomembrane Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107
DAN W. URRY AND MARIANNA M. LONG
Xl