Medical Biochemistry: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access, 4e

1916 Pages·2014·38.8 MB·English

by  John Baynes PhD

Medical Biochemistry
FOURTH EDITION
John W. Baynes, PhD
Carolina Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Department of Pharmacology,
Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine,
Columbia, South Carolina, USA
Marek H. Dominiczak, MD (Dr Hab Med)
FRCPath FRCP (Glas)
Professor of Clinical Biochemistry and Medical Humanities, College of Medical,
Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
Docent in Laboratory Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
Consultant Biochemist, Clinical Biochemistry Service, National Health Service
(NHS) Greater Glasgow and Clyde,, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow,
United Kingdom

Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Biochemistry and clinical medicine
The entire biochemistry on two pages
What this book is – and isn't
Chapter 2: Amino Acids and Proteins
Introduction
Amino acids
Buffers
Peptides and proteins
Purification and characterization of proteins
Analysis of protein structure
Summary
Chapter 3: Carbohydrates and Lipids
Introduction
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structure of biomembranes
Summary
Chapter 4: Blood and Plasma Proteins
Introduction
Formed Elements of Blood
Plasma Proteins
The Acute Phase Response and C-Reactive Protein
Clinical Tests: Biomarkers
Summary
Chapter 5: Oxygen Transport
Introduction
Characteristics of mammalian globin proteins
Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
Selected Topics
Summary
Chapter 6: Catalytic Proteins – Enzymes
Introduction
Enzymatic Reactions
Enzyme Kinetics
Use of the Lineweaver–Burk and Eadie–Hofstee plots
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Enzyme Inhibition
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose
Summary
Chapter 7: Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Introduction
Hemostasis
The vessel wall
Platelets and platelet-related bleeding disorders
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Summary
Chapter 8: Membranes and Transport
Introduction
Types of transport processes
Examples of transport systems and their coupling
Summary
Chapter 9: Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism
Introduction
Oxidation as a source of energy
Free energy
Conservation of energy by coupling with adenosine triphosphate
Mitochondrial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate from reduced coenzymes
The mitochondrial electron transport system
Transfer of electrons from NADH into mitochondria
Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate – the chemiosmotic hypothesis
Inhibitors of oxidative metabolism
Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation
Summary
Chapter 10: Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract
Introduction
Water and electrolyte handling in the gastrointestinal tract
Digestion
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
Digestion and absorption of lipids
Digestion and absorption of proteins
Summary
Chapter 11: Vitamins and Minerals
Introduction
Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
Water-soluble vitamins B, C
Minerals
Trace elements
Summary
Chapter 12: Anaerobic Metabolism of Glucose in the Red Blood Cell
Introduction
The erythrocyte
Glycolysis
The splitting stage of glycolysis
The yield stage of glycolysis – synthesis of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
Fermentation
Regulation of glycolysis in erythrocytes
Characteristics of regulatory enzymes
Synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
The pentose phosphate pathway
Summary
Chapter 13: Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle
Introduction
Structure of glycogen
Pathway of glycogenesis from blood glucose in liver
Pathway of glycogenolysis in liver
Hormonal regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis
Mechanism of action of glucagon
Mobilization of hepatic glycogen by epinephrine
Glycogenolysis in muscle
Regulation of glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Summary
Chapter 14: The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Introduction
Functions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Pyruvate carboxylase
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Enzymes and reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Energy yield from the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Anaplerotic (‘building up’) reactions
Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
Summary
Chapter 15: Oxidative Metabolism of Lipids in Liver and Muscle
Introduction
Activation of fatty acids for transport into the mitochondrion
Oxidation of fatty acids
Ketogenesis – a metabolic pathway unique to liver
Summary
Chapter 16: Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids
Introduction
Fatty acid synthesis
Fatty acid elongation
Desaturation of fatty acids
Essential fatty acids
Storage and transport of fatty acids: synthesis of triacylglycerols
Regulation of total body fat stores
Summary
Chapter 17: Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
Introduction
The Cholesterol Molecule
Free and esterified cholesterol
Intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Biosynthesis of cholesterol
Bile acids
Steroid hormones
Vitamin D3
Summary
Chapter 18: Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
Introduction
Lipoproteins
Lipoprotein receptors
Enzymes and LIPID transfer proteins
Pathways of lipoprotein metabolism
Dyslipidemias
Atherosclerosis, atherogenesis and atherothrombosis
THE Assessment of cardiovascular risk
Summary