Mediators of Sepsis

422 Pages·1992·13.77 MB·English

by  R. C. Bone (auth.)

16 Update in Intensive Care
and Emergency Medicine
Edited by J.L.Vincent
M. Lamy L.G. Thijs (Eds.)
Mediators
of Sepsis
With 80 Figures and 41 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Series Editor
Prof. Dr. Jean Louis Vincent
Clinical Director, Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital
Free University of Brussels, Route de Lennik 808
1070 Brussels, Belgium
Volume Editors
Prof. Dr. Maurice Lamy
Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier
Universitaire de Liege, B-35
Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
Prof. Dr. Lambert G.Thijs
Department of Intensive Care, Free University Hospital
De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84829-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84827-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-84827-8
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1992
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Typesetting: HST, Heidelberg. Printing: Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, Speyer
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19/3130-5 4 3 2 1 0 -Printed on acid-free paper
Contents
Mediators and Pathophysiology of Sepsis
Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure:
Consensus and Controversy
(R.C.Bone) .................................. . 3
Endotoxin Administration to Humans:
A Model of Inflammatory Responses Relevant to Sepsis
(A. ESuffredini) .............................. . 13
Mediators of Lung Injury Following Ischemia
and Reperfusion
(J.Hill, T.FLilldsay. alld H.B.Hechtman) 31
Cytokines in Shock: 1992
(B. Beutler) ................................. . 51
TNF-(l and Soluble TNF Receptors in Meningococcemia
(EGirardin) ................................ . 68
Role of the Complement Cascade in Severe Sepsis
(LG.Thijs and C.E.Hack) ....................... . 78
The Role of the Kallikrein-Kinin System in Septic Shock
(R. W eo/man) ............................... . 99
The Procoagulant State in Sepsis:
Experimental Models and New Modalities for Intervention
(B.IBiem01zd, M.Levi. and S.lH.\'an De\'enter ........ . 113
Leukocyte-Endothelial Interactions in Trauma and Sepsis
(B. Redl, GSchlag, alld lMarzi) .................. . 124
Oxyradical Pathogenesis in Sepsis
(1 JZimmennan) ............................. . 136
VI Contents
PAF, Cytokines and Cell to Cell Interactions
in Shock and Sepsis
(D.Hosford, M.Koltai, and PBraquet) ............... " 152
Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of the Vascular Derangements
of Sepsis and Endotoxemia
(lR.Parratt and 1CStoclet) ....................... l74
Endogenous Opioids and Opioids Antagonists
in Endotoxic and Septic Shock: A Current Perspective
(lW.Holaday and NIGurll) ....................... 190
Role of Neural Stimuli and Pain
(HKehlet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196
Sepsis and Strenuous Exercise:
Common Inflammatory Factors
(G.Camus, IPincemail, and MLamy) 206
The Gut-Liver Axis in Multiple Organ Failure
(lCMarshall) ................................. 220
Secondary Hepatic Dysfunction: Clinical Epidemiology,
Pathogenesis and Current Therapeutic Approaches
(S.Migliori and F.B.Cerra) ....................... " 238
Cardiac Effects of the Mediators of Sepsis
(1L. \lincent and G.Berlot) ....................... " 255
The Peripheral Vasculature
(CBernard, A.Tedgui, and DPayen) .................. 267
New Therapeutic Approaches to Sepsis
Dilemmas in Sepsis Clinical Trials Design and Analysis
(R.PDellinger and R.CStraube) ..................... 289
Experimental Basis of New Therapeutic Approaches
to Septic Shock
(1 Cohen) .................................... 308
Anti-Endotoxin Antibodies: A Critical Appraisal
(lDBaul1lgartller) .............................. 315
Contents VII
The Case for Immunotherapy Against Endotoxin
in Sepsis and Septicemia
(HRMichie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 329
Bactericidal Permeability Increasing Protein:
A Potent Naturally Occurring Anti-Endotoxin Protein
(CiFisher. S.MOpal, and MN.Marra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339
Strategies for Modulation of Systemic and Tissue Cytokine
Responses to Sepsis
(S.F.Low/)', K.l VanZee, and LLMo/dawer) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 345
Blocking Cytokines in Infectious Diseases
(CA.Dinarello) ................................ 362
Platelet Activating Factor: Rationale for the Use
of PAF-Antagonists in Sepsis
(lP.Mira, lEDhaillallt, and EBrllnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 377
Mediator Gene Expression in Sepsis:
Implications for Therapy
(K.L.Brigham, A.E.Callonico, and iT.Conary) ........... 393
Subject Index ................................. 407
List of Contributors
Brunet. F.
Baumgartner. I.D.
Dept of Intensive Care. H6pital
Division of Infectious Diseases.
Cochin. 27 Faubourg St Jacques.
Department of Internal Medicine.
75674 Parix Cedex 14. France
CHU Vaudois. \OIl Lausane.
Switzerland
Camus, G.
Laboratory of Human Applied Phy
BerIOf. G.
siology. ISEPK. B2\. University
Anesthesia & Intensive Care De
of Liege. Sart Tilman. ·WOO Liege.
partment, Ospedale di Cattinara.
Belgium
University of Trieste.
Trieste 34141. Italy
Callollico. A.E.
Center for Lung Research.
Bernard. C.
Vanderbilt U ni versity,
Department of Anesthesiology and
School of Medicine, Nashville
Intensive Care. Lariboisiere Uni
TN 37232-2650. USA
versity Hospital. 2 Rue Ambroise
Pare. 75010 Paris. France
Cerra. FB.
Department of Surgery.
Beutler. B.
University of Minnesota Hospital.
Research Laboratories, Howard
406 Harvard Street South East.
Hugues Medical Institute.
Minneapolis MN 55455. USA
5353 Harry Hines Boulevard.
Dallas TX 75235-9050.USA
Cohell.I.
Biemolld. 8.1. Infectious Diseases Unit.
Department of Internal Medicine. Hammersmith Hospital.
Academic Medical Center F4-222. Du Cane Road. London WI2 ONN.
Meibergdreef 9. 1105 AZ Amster United Kingdom
dam. The Netherlands
Colman. R. W.
BOlle, R.C. Thrombosis Research Center.
Section of Pulmonary Medicine. Temple University School of
Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Medicine. 3-1-00 North Broad
Medical Center. 1753 West Street. Philadelphia PA 191-1-0.
Congress Parkway. USA
Chicago IL 60612. USA
Conary. I. T.
Braquet, P. Center for Lung Research. Vander
Institut Henri Beaufour, 17 Avenue bilt University. School of Medici
Descartes. 92350 Le Plessis ne. Nashville TN 37232-2650. USA
Robinson. France
Dellinger. R.P.
Brigham, K.L Intensive Care Unit. Baylor College
Center for Lung Research. Vander of Medicine. Ben Taub Hospital.
bilt University. School of Medicine. 1504 Ben Taub Loop. Houston TX
Nashville TN 37232-2650. USA \0017. USA
X List of Contributors
Dhaillallt. I.F. Kehlel. H.
Dept of Intensive Care.Hopital Department of Surgical Gastroente
Cochin. 27 Faubourg St Jacques. rology. Hvidovre University Hospi
75674 Paris Cedex 14. France tal. 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
Dillarello, e.A. Kollai, M.
Department of Medicine. Institut Henri Beaufour, 17 A venue
Tufts University School of Medicine, Descartes. 92350
750 Washington Street. Le Plessis Robinson,
Boston MA 02111. USA France
Fisher, e.l. Lamy, M.
Department of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology.
University Hospital of CHU B35, University of Liege.
Cleveland. 2074 Abington Road. Sart Tilman. 4000 Liege.
Cleveland OH 44106. USA Belgium
Levi. M.
Girardill, E.
Department of Internal Medicine.
Department of Pediatrics.
Academic Medical Center F4-222.
Hopital des Enfants.
Meibergdreef 9. 1105 AZ Amster
1211 Geneve 4. Switzerland
dam. The Netherlands
Gurll. N.J.
Lilldsay, T.F.
Department of Surgery. University
Department of Surgery, Brigham
of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.
and Women's Hospital. 75 Francis
Iowa City IA 52242. USA
Street. Boston MA 02115. USA
Hack. e.E.
LOl\"ry. S.F.
Netherlands Red Cross Blood
Laboratory of Surgical Metabo
Transfusion Service, University of
lism, Cornell University Medical
Amsterdam. De Boelelaan 1117.
College F-2016. 525 East 68th
1007 MB Amsterdam.
Street. New York NY 10021. USA
The Netherlands
Marra. M.N.
Hechtmall, H.B.
Department of Medicine. Universi
Department of Surgery. Brigham
ty Hospital of Cleveland, 2074
and Woman's Hospital, 75 Francis
Abington Road, Cleveland
Street. Boston MA 02115. USA
OH 44106, USA
Hill, J. Marshall. J.e.
Department of Surgery. Brigham Department of Surgery. Toronto Ge
and Woman's Hospital. 75 Francis neral Hospital. 200 Elizabeth Street.
Street. Boston MA 02115, USA Toronto Ontario M5G 2C4. Canada
Holaday. J. W. Mar~i. [.
Medicis Pharmaceutical Corp., Department of Surgery.
100 East 42nd Street. New York Bad Homburg Hospital.
NY 10017. USA 6380-Bad Homburg. Germany
Hosford, D. Michie. H.R.
Institut Henri Beaufour, 17 Avenue Department of Surgery. John Rad
Descartes, 92350 Le Plessis cliff Hospital. Headleyway.
Robinson. France Oxford OX3 9DU. United Kingdom
List of Contributors XI
Migliori. S. Stoclet, 1. C.
Department of Surgery, University Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Cel
of Minnesota Hospital, 406 Har lulaire et Moleculaire. Universite
vard Street South East, Minneapo Louis Pasteur. Strasbourg. France
lis MN 55455. USA
Straube, R.C.
Mira. l.P.
Department of Infectious Diseases,
Department of Intensive Care,
Clinical Research, Centocor Inc.,
H6pital Cochin, 27 Faubourg
Malvern PA19355, USA
St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14,
France
Suffredini. A. F.
Moldawer, L.L. Department of Critical Care. National
Laboratory of Surgical Metabo Institute of Health, Building 10 Room
lism. Cornell University Medical 7-D-43. Bethesda MD 20892, USA
College. F-2016. 525 East 68th
Street, New York NY 10021. USA TedgII i, A.
Department of Anesthesiology and
Opal, S.M. Intensive Care, Lariboisiere Uni
Department of Medicine, Memorial versity Hospital. 2 Rue Ambroise
Hospital, III Brewster Street Pare. 750 to Paris, France
Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02860,
USA
Thijs, L.G.
Department of Medical Intensive
Parratt, l.R.
Care, Free University Hospital.
Department of Physiology and
De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB
Pharmacology, University of
Amsterdam. The Netherlands
Strathclyde, 204 George Street.
Glasgow GI IXW.
United Kingdom I"QIl Dei·enter. S.l.H.
Departement of International Medi
Payell, D. cine, Academic Medical Center
Department of Anesthesiology and F4-222. Meibergdreef 9. 1105 AZ
Intensive Care. Lariboisiere Uni Amsterdam, The Netherlands
versity Hospital, 2 Rue Ambroise
Pare, 75010 Paris. France FanZee. K.l.
Laboratory of Surgical Metabolism,
Pincemail, 1.
Cornell University Medical College,
Laboratory of Biochemistry and
F-2016. 525 East 68th Street. New
Radiobiology. Institute of Chemi
York NY 10021. USA
stry B6, University of Liege. Sart
Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium
Vincent, l.L.
Department of Intensive Care,
Redl, H.
Erasme University Hospital.
Department of Experimental Trauma
Route de Lennik 808.
tology. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute.
1070 Brussels,
Donauschingenstrasse 13,
Belgium
1200 Vienna. Austria
Schlag, G. Zimmerman. l.J.
Department of Experimental Trauma Department of Pediatrics.
tology. Ludwig Boltzmann Institute. Children's Hospital, H4/470,
Donauschingenstrasse 13, 600 Highland Avenue. Madison
1200 Vienna. Austria WI 53792-4108, USA
Abbreviations
ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ARDS Adult respiratory distress syndrome
BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
BPI Bactericidal permeability increasing protein
CAT Chloramphenicol acety ltransferase
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
EC Endothelial cell
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DMSO Dimethy lsulfoxide
EDRF Endothelium-derived relaxing factor
ELAM Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule
FFA Free fatty acid
GALT Gut associated lymphoid tissues
GI Gastrointestinal
GMCSF Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
ICAM Intercellular adhesion molecule
IL Interleukin
IL-Ira Interleukin-l receptor antagonist
LBP Lipopolysaccharide binding protein
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
MAb Monoclonal antibody
MDF Myocardial depressant factor
MDS Myocardial depressant substance
MODS MUltiple organ dysfunction syndrome
MOF MUltiple organ failure
MPO Myleoperoxidase
NO Nitric oxide
PAF Platelet activating factor
PAP Pulmonary artery pressure
PGE~ Prostaglandin E~
PMN Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome