Mechanisms of Circadian Systems in Animals and Their Clinical Relevance

396 Pages·2015·11.22 MB·English

by  Raúl Aguilar-Roblero

Raúl Aguilar-Roblero
Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
Mária Luisa Fanjul-Moles Editors
Mechanisms of
Circadian Systems
in Animals and
Their Clinical
Relevance
Mechanisms of Circadian Systems in Animals
and Their Clinical Relevance

Raúl Aguilar-Roblero (cid:129) Mauricio Díaz- Muñoz
María Luisa Fanjul-Moles
Editors
Mechanisms of Circadian
Systems in Animals
and Their Clinical Relevance
Editors
Raúl Aguilar-Roblero Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
Instituto de Fisiología Celular Instituto de Neurobiología
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
México , Distrito Federal , México Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
María Luisa Fanjul-Moles
Facultad de Ciencias
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
México , Distrito Federal, México
ISBN 978-3-319-08944-7 ISBN 978-3-319-08945-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-08945-4
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951521
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Foreword
T he solar cycle of light and dark is the most pervasive recurring stimulus experi-
enced by living organisms. Mechanisms of this adaptation have diverged throughout
evolution, but the fundamental mechanisms are quite similar throughout the plant
and animal kingdoms. The foundation of each is the presence of specifi c sets of
genes, called “clock genes” whose products regulate the timing of cellular, physio-
logical, and behavioral events into 24-h cycles, circadian rhythms. These are the
critical components of this adaptation to the solar cycle. Circadian rhythms are
characterized by two properties. The fi rst is generation by internal clocks with a
period approximating 24 h. The second is entrainment of the cycles by external
stimuli, predominantly light. Hence, the period of entrained rhythms is precisely
24 h. In mammals, including humans, cellular circadian rhythms are ubiquitous
throughout the body. Coordinated cellular function within tissues and organs is pro-
vided by a specifi c network of brain regions designated the circadian timing system
(CTS). Prior to the 1970s the location of these regions was unknown, but a series of
studies then identifi ed the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as a
likely circadian pacemaker and a retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), originating from
retinal ganglion cells to terminate in the SCN, as the primary entrainment pathway.
The conclusions at the time were that the SCN drives rhythms in the brain and other
organs through neural and hormonal signals. Further studies over the last 20 years
have modifi ed this view to incorporate observations that cellular rhythms are
expressed ubiquitously. These necessitate a new formulation that coordinated circa-
dian rhythms in physiological and behavioral functions are generated throughout
the body but entrained by a brain circadian timing system that provides a general-
ized entrainment to the solar cycle.
This volume, edited by Aguilar-Roblero, Fanjul, and Díaz-Muñoz of the Division
de Neurociencias, Universidad Autónoma Nacional de México, contains two valu-
able contributions to our understanding of circadian rhythms and their disorders.
The fi rst is a much more complete description of the neurobiology of circadian
function than that outlined above. And, the second is a detailed account of disorders
of the circadian timing system and their pathophysiology. There are, of course, sev-
eral related questions. Why individual chapters? The major reason is that the authors
v
vi Foreword
represent a “who’s who” of this fi eld ensuring that the quality of the chapters is
high, and expertise trumps the unanimity of authorship by a single set of writers.
Why a book in a fi eld so vibrant and rapidly moving? Will it not be outdated soon
after its publication? There are two answers to this question. It is valuable to the
fi eld to have a timely assessment of our status as background for future work. The
second is why a book? Why not chapters in electronic form? For those of us whose
tenure in the fi eld precedes the electronic era, a book has a special meaning. It is
satisfying to hold in one’s hands, and turning pages. And, it looks impressive in
one’s library. I can recommend this book without hesitation, and I look forward to
its publication. I visualize myself in an easy chair, turning the pages and, perhaps,
slowly consuming a bottle of stout in the process, and enjoying it all.
Pittsburgh, PA, USA Robert Y. Moore
Pref ace
Biological rhythms have been known to man since the ancient Greeks, but they
became a topic of systematic scientifi c interest only since the last century. As a mat-
ter of fact, it has been only until the dawn of the present century when its links to
Physiology and Medicine have called the attention of a broader academic audience
and the general population. The reason is mainly due to the recent advances on the
molecular genetics of circadian rhythms and the discovery of its cross-links—
mainly at the gene regulation level—with other systems involved in control of meta-
bolic networks, cell cycle, as well as behavioral and mental processes.
T his book provides a wide perspective on the organization of circadian systems
along the animal kingdom from invertebrates to mammals. At the same time, it
addresses some aspects of the physiological and clinical relevance of circadian reg-
ulation for human beings. It is organized in three parts preceded by a brief introduc-
tion that presents the basic concepts of circadian rhythms. In the fi rst part C ircadian
Systems the authors outline a broad perspective of the timing system organization in
a variety of animal groups including Crustacean, Insects, Fish, Birds and Primates.
The next part Mechanism of Circadian Oscillation focuses on one of the most stud-
ied mammalian models, the Rodents. In this part the role of the suprachiasmatic
nuclei as a circadian clock is reviewed from the cellular to the system level. The
fi nal part C linical Relevance of Circadian Rhythmicity provides a perspective to
integrate our knowledge on circadian rhythmicity with current human physiology
and it reviews recent advances of molecular regulation of circadian rhythms in rela-
tion to metabolism, nutrition, cell cycle regulation, cancer, and neurological and
mental disorders.
T he book is aimed to graduate students in Neuroscience, Biology, Psychology,
and Medicine interested in an integrative perspective of circadian rhythms. It also
provides some contemporary advances on circadian system organization for experts
in circadian biology. It is important to stress the integrative approach of each of the
contributions, which distinguishes this book from other related texts. Finally, it is
appropriate to mention that the contributors are active and distinguished scientists
widely recognized in the fi eld of Chronobiology from Argentina, Brazil, México,
Netherlands, Japan, Sweden, and the USA.
vii
viii Preface
W e hope to call the attention of young science students to a fascinating area of
Biology in order to contribute to the advance of this yet emerging fi eld of science,
and to correct or complete some of the hypothesis here presented. This is an invita-
tion to join us in the adventure of understanding time in biology.
México, D.F. México Raúl Aguilar-Roblero
Juriquilla, Querétaro, México Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
México, D.F. México María Luisa Fanjul-Moles
Contents
1 Introduction to Circadian Rhythms, Clocks, and Its Genes ............... 1
Raúl Aguilar-Roblero
Part I Circadian Systems
2 Oxidative Stress and Its Role in the Synchronization of Circadian
Rhythms in Crustaceans: An Ecological Perspective .......................... 15
María Luisa Fanjul-Moles and Julio Prieto-Sagredo
3 Control of Rest–Activity Behavior by the Central Clock
in Drosophila ............................................................................................ 31
Shailesh Kumar and Amita Sehgal
4 Biological Rhythmicity in Subterranean Animals:
A Function Risking Extinction? ............................................................ 55
Luiz Menna-Barreto and Eleonora Trajano
5 Avian Circadian Organization ............................................................... 69
Vincent M. Cassone
6 Functional Organization of Circadian Timing System
of a Diurnal Primate (Marmoset) .......................................................... 97
Christiane Andressa da Silva, Carolina Carrijo, Kathiane Santana,
and John Fontenele Araujo
Part II Mechanisms of Circadian Oscillation
7 Intracellular Calcium as a Clock Output from SCN Neurons ............ 115
Raúl Aguilar-Roblero, Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz,
Adrian Báez-Ruíz, Daniel Quinto-Muñoz, Gabriella Lundkvist,
and Stephan Michel
ix