Measuring Biological Impacts of Nanomaterials

221 Pages·2016·8.263 MB·English

by  Joachim Wegener (eds.)

Bioanalytical Reviews
Joachim Wegener Editor
Measuring
Biological Impacts
of Nanomaterials
5
Bioanalytical Reviews
Serieseditors
Frank-MichaelMatysik,Regensburg,Germany
JoachimWegener,Regensburg,Germany
Aims and Scope
BioanalyticalReviewsisthesuccessoroftheformerreviewjournalwiththesame
name,anditwillcomplementSpringer’ssuccessfulandreputedreviewbookseries
programintheflourishingandexcitingareaoftheBioanalyticalSciences.
BioanalyticalReviews(BAR)publishesreviewscoveringallaspectsofbioanalytical
sciences. It therefore is a unique source of quick and authoritative information for
anybodyusingbioanalyticalmethodsinareassuchasmedicine,biology,biochemis-
try,genetics,pharmacology,biotechnology,andthelike.
Reviewsofmethodsincludeallmoderntoolsapplied,includingmassspectrometry,
HPLC(initsvariousforms),capillaryelectrophoresis,biosensors,bioelectroanalysis,
fluorescence, IR/Raman, and other optical spectroscopies, NMR radiometry, and
methodsrelatedtobioimaging.Inparticulartheseriesvolumesprovidereviewson
perspectivenewinstrumentalapproachesastheyapplytobioanalysis,andontheuse
ofmicro-/nano-materials suchasmicro-and nanoparticles. Articlesonμ-totalana-
lyticalsystems(μ-TAS)andonlabs-on-a-chipalsofallintothiscategory.
Intermsofapplications,reviewsonnovelbioanalyticalmethodsbasedontheuseof
enzymes,DNAzymes,antibodies, cellslices, tomentionthemoretypical ones, are
highlywelcome.Articlesonsubjectsrelatedtotheareasincludinggenomics,prote-
omics,metabolomics,high-throughputscreening,butalsobioinformaticsandstatis-
ticsastheyrelatetobioanalyticalmethodsareofcoursealsowelcome.Reviewscover
bothfundamentalaspectsandpracticalapplications.
ReviewspublishedinBAR are(a)ofwiderscopeandauthorativelywritten(rather
thanarecordoftheresearchofsingleauthors),(b)critical,butbalancedandunbiased;
(c) timely, with the latest references. BAR does not publish (a) reviews describing
establishedmethodsofbioanalysis;(b)reviewsthatlackwiderscope,(c)reviewsof
mainlytheoreticalnature.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11663
Joachim Wegener
Editor
Measuring Biological
Impacts of Nanomaterials
With contributions by
C. Bantz (cid:1) S. Beyazit (cid:1) D. Docter (cid:1) J. Domey (cid:1) M. Dwivedi (cid:1)
K.A. Eslahian (cid:1) H.-J. Galla (cid:1) B. Goricnik (cid:1) I. Grau (cid:1)
L. Haslauer (cid:1) K. Haupt (cid:1) I. Hilger (cid:1) N. Hinterreiter (cid:1) T. Hirsch (cid:1)
C. Hupf (cid:1) R. Keller (cid:1) M. Kettering (cid:1) T. Lang (cid:1) M.-M. Lemberger (cid:1)
S. Lukic (cid:1) M. Maskos (cid:1) J. Maximilien (cid:1) M. Oberleitner (cid:1) C. Rossi (cid:1)
A.K. Sachan (cid:1) M. Sperber (cid:1) R. Sperling (cid:1) R. Stauber (cid:1) J.A. Stolwijk (cid:1)
C. Strobel (cid:1) B. Tse Sum Bui (cid:1) J. Wegener
Editor
JoachimWegener
UniversityofRegensburg
Regensburg
Germany
ISSN1867-2086 ISSN1867-2094 (electronic)
BioanalyticalReviews
ISBN978-3-319-24821-9 ISBN978-3-319-24823-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-24823-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016930554
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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Preface
Over the last two decades, nanotechnology has produced a myriad of different
nanosizedstructureswithenormouslyinterestingmaterialpropertiesandpotential
applications. Quantum dots (QDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs),
gold nanoparticles, and pigment particles are among the most well-known repre-
sentatives.Butalsoless‘famous’nanomaterialsmadefrompolymers,noblemetals,
or inorganic materials have raised considerable interest for applications in the
biomedical field and other areas of our daily life. Despite of their undisputed
usefulness in certain areas, there is a constant and justified concern that these
nanomaterials may have unwanted biological effects on cells and organisms that
have not yet been discovered and understood entirely. Thus, research into the
biologicalimpactofnanoparticlesonhumanandanimalhealthaswellaspossible
hazards for the environment is of outmost importance. As a deeper and more
systematic understanding about the potential impact of nanomaterials on living
cells,tissues,orecosystemsisinmanywaysbasedonstate-of-the-artbioanalytical
techniques,thisvolumeofBioanalyticalReviewsisentirelydevotedtothistopic.
The first chapter of the book, written by Eslahian and colleagues, provides a
concise summary of the most prominent, highly tailored approaches to physically
characterize nanomaterials. The various techniques are described in principle
before their individual analytical performance is highlighted and critically com-
pared to other methods. Special emphasis is placed on material characterization
under physiological conditions to describe the particles as they are when they
encounterbiologicalsystemslikecells,tissues,ororgans.
The second chapter provided by Domey and coauthors addresses biochemical
assaysthatareusedextensivelyinlabsaroundtheglobetostudythecytotoxictyor
other cell responses to nanomaterials. Besides presenting model studies, this con-
tribution critically highlights the pitfalls and possible artifacts that might be asso-
ciated with these assays due to an interaction of the nanomaterials with the assay
constituents. Often the possible artifacts can be accounted for by a carefully
thought-outexperimentaldesignandpropercontrols.Buttheevidenceaccumulates
thatlabel-basedassaysshouldbeusedwithgreatcaretoavoidmisleadingconclu-
sionsfromcytotoxicitystudies.
v
vi Preface
Followinguponthisdiscussionontheprosandconsoflabel-basedbiochemical
assays to assess the impact of nanomaterials, the subsequent chapter by Sperber
et al. discusses the use of label-free approaches for this purpose. After a more
generalintroductiontothefieldoflabel-freedetectiontechniquesforcellobserva-
tion,focusisplacedonimpedanceanalysisasoneofitsmajorrepresentatives.The
chapter describes the general concept of impedance-based cell monitoring, intro-
ducesthephysicalbackground,andillustratesitsperformanceonasetofexamples.
Theseexampleshighlightthatnoninvasiveimpedancemeasurementscanbeusedto
monitorahugevarietyofdifferentcell-basedassaysincludingtheanalysisofcell
adhesionandproliferation,time-resolvedobservationofcytotoxicity,orthequan-
titative examination of cell migration. After these introductory paragraphs, the
articlesummarizesinhowfartheseassayshavebeenusedalreadytodescribethe
impactofnanomaterialsonanimalcellsandtissuesattheseverydifferentpointsof
cellphysiology.Inspiredbythepossibilitiesofimpedanceanalysistostudyonecell
type subsequently in different physiological settings, the authors suggest a new
perspective for nanotoxicology: instead of interpreting just one assay, we should
establish response profiles for a given nanomaterial derived from a sequence of
individualassays.
As the airways are one major route of nanomaterial invasion into the human
body, the fourth chapter addresses a set of model systems to study the impact of
nanomaterialsonthealveolarlungsurfactantthatisliterallyofvitalimportanceto
ourbreathingcycle.HereDwivedietal.describemodelsystemsfromsimplelipid
monolayerstomorecomplexmodelsurfactantsandtheirresponsetonanoparticle
encounter. The impact of nanoparticles on lipid organization is mostly demon-
stratedbyLangmuirfilm-balancemeasurementsandstate-of-the-artmicroscopy.
Asoneexampleofnanomaterialsthatdonotonlyraisehealthandenvironmental
concerns but show very interesting bioanalytical applications, Lemberger
et al. summarize inthe fifth chapter what is known about carbon nanodots (CDs),
a member of the emerging class of photoluminescent carbon-based nanomaterials
thatcanbeproducedfromrathersimpleandcheapstartingmaterialsusinglow-tech
equipment. The various strategies of CD synthesis are grouped and discussed.
Deeper inside the article, the authors provide a concise summary of the particles’
spectroscopicpropertiestogetherwiththeirmostestablishedbioanalyticalapplica-
tionasalabelinmicroscopicimaging.
The final chapter provided by Maximilien and coauthors takes it to the next
level: nanomaterials as drug delivery vehicles in biomedicine. The authors start
their discussion with lipid-based nanomaterials (liposomes) and their reversible
loading with drugs. This discussion is followed by a concise overview of the
availableinorganicnanoparticlesincludingquantumdots(QDs)andupconverting
nanoparticles(UCNPs)withtheirinherentcapabilityofabsorbingtwoormoreNIR
photonsbeforeaphotonofshorterwavelengthinthevisiblerange(higherenergy)
isemitted.Thisupconversionhasseveraldistinctadvantages.Mostprominentlyit
provides a fluorescence labeling of biological specimens without producing an
unwanted and disturbing background fluorescence of biomolecules as the latter
Preface vii
requireexcitationbyUV/VIS.Thedescriptionofpolymericnanoparticlesasdrug
deliveryvehiclesstartswithnanomaterialsmadefromnaturalpolymers.Withinthe
class of nanoparticles produced from synthetic polymers, the authors highlight
those materials that are either responsive to temperature, pH, or light because of
their outstanding potential to allow for a localized unloading of the vehicle. The
finalparagraphdescribespolymericnanoparticleswithimprintedrecognitionsites
fordifferentlow-molecular-weightanalytes(MIPS)thatprovidemanynewoppor-
tunitiesfornanoparticle-basedsensorsorthespecificseparationandenrichmentof
complexsamples.
The current volume of Bioanalytical Reviews presents a blend of different
aspects that tackle the problem of measuring the biological impact of
nanomaterials. This timely collection of articles will hopefully help to oversee
the fast-developing field of nanotoxicology and emphasize its tight connection to
bioanalysis. New instrumental developments, analytical assay formats, and new
meansofdatadeconvolutionareneededtogetafewstepsclosertothebiggoalofa
conceptual understanding about the bioresponse to nanoscale particles. This is
particularly important as this topic is likely to stay relevant throughout the next
decadesgiventheincreasingintegrationofnanomaterialsinourdailylives.
Thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthefineworkofallauthorsand
coauthors to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude. I hope you all
agree that this big effort and the long hours of work have been worthwhile.
Moreover, I would like to thank Dr. Rudolf Hutterer for his constant support in
generalandtheeditorialpreparationofseveralchaptersinparticular.
Regensburg(G)insummer2015. JoachimWegener
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Contents
CharacterizationofNanoparticlesUnderPhysiologicalConditions. . . 1
K.A.Eslahian,T.Lang,C.Bantz,R.Keller,R.Sperling,D.Docter,
R.Stauber,andM.Maskos
ProbingtheCytotoxicityofNanoparticles:ExperimentalPitfalls
andArtifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
JennyDomey,LisaHaslauer,InaGrau,ClaudiaStrobel,
MelanieKettering,andIngridHilger
MonitoringtheImpactofNanomaterialsonAnimalCellsby
ImpedanceAnalysis:ANoninvasive,Label-Free,andMultimodal
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
MichaelaSperber,ChristinaHupf,Michael-M.Lemberger,BarbaraGoricnik,
NadjaHinterreiter,SonjaLukic,MaximilianOberleitner,JudithA.Stolwijk,
andJoachimWegener
InteractionofNanoparticleswithLipidMonolayersandLung
SurfactantFilms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
MridulaDwivedi,AmitKumarSachan,andHans-JoachimGalla
CarbonNanodots:Synthesis,Characterization,andBioanalytical
Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Michael-M.Lemberger,ThomasHirsch,andJoachimWegener
NanoparticlesinBiomedicalApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
JacquelineMaximilien,SelimBeyazit,ClaireRossi,KarstenHaupt,
andBernadetteTseSumBui
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
ix