Marine Shrimp Culture. Principles and Practices

855 Pages·1992·17.209 MB·English

by  A.W. Fast and L.J. Lester (Eds.)

DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE
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1. FARMING MARINE ORGANISMS LOW IN THE FOOD CHAIN
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Edible Seaweed, Mussel and Clam Production
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22. FRONTIERS OF SHRIMP RESEARCH
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23. MARINE SHRIMP CULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
by A.W. FAST am/ L.J. LESTER 1992 xvi + 862 pages
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Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science, 23
MARINE SHRIMP CULTURE:
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
Edited by
ARLO W. FAST
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, P. O. Box 1346, Kaneohe, HI 96744,
U.S.A.
and
L. JAMES LESTER
School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Houston, Clear
Lake, Houston, TX 77058-1057, U.S.A.
ELSEVIER
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First edition 1992
Second impression 1999
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Marine shrimp culture : principles and practices / edited by Arlo W.
Fast and L. James Lester.
p. cm. — (Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science
; 23)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-444-88606-0
1. Shrimp culture. I. Fast, Arlo Wade. II. Lester, L. J.
III. Series.
SH380.6.M36 1992
639',543~dc20 91-41202
CIP
ISBN: 0-444-88606-0
© The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
V
PREFACE
According to Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.), "No book is so bad but some
good might be got out of it." With that possible worst case scenario in mind,
we can only hope and expect that this volume will do some good. We hope,
however, that it will do much more. We hope that it will provide you with
facts and observations about the art and science of marine shrimp culture; but
more importantly we hope that it will also provide genuine insights. We hope
that such insights will inspire better understandings and further advancements.
Emerson (1803-1882) caught the essence of what we are after when he
said, "Books are the best of things, well used: abused among the worst. What
is the right use? What is the one end which all means go to effect? They are
nothing but to inspire."
If necessity is the mother of invention, then inspiration is the father. By
including both, chances of success are good. We hope that our book will
provide insight and inspiration for the development of better shrimp culture
technology. This technology development depends not only on a thorough
understanding of underlying principles, but the reduction of these principles
to practice through creation of appropriate technology.
We will try to point out this idea of appropriate technology at different
places in our book. It is an important idea since it includes elements of
economic, social, biological and environmental influences. A technology
which was appropriate last year at some place, may not be appropriate today.
Appropriate technology today may be inappropriate tomorrow as conditions
change, all the time driven by economic considerations. The culture system
that produces shrimp at the lowest cost will capture a large market share.
New knowledge and innovations will lead to shifts in culture system
profitability and changes in culture methods. This system evolution is now
accelerating at a rapid pace. We are living in exciting and interesting times
for shrimp culture enthusiasts. Each year, new events arouse the interests of
participants and observers alike.
Our book is intended to provide a description of principles and practices
of shrimp culture at one point in time. It documents some of the important
historical events, and describes conditions that exist now. We will also try to
look into the future.
Like channel catfish and salmon culture in colder climates, commercial
culture of marine shrimp in tropical areas has grown at a phenomenal rate
during the last 10 to 15 years. Growth of these industries is driven by
people's tastes in food and by economic factors. Market demands, coupled
with intellectual curiosities in both the private and public sectors have lead
vi
to breakthroughs in culture technologies. This in turn resulted in exponential
growth of these commodities; trends which have yet to peak.
In the U.S., which vies with Japan as the principal shrimp consuming
country, per capita shrimp consumption has tripled from 1 lb/person in 1950
to 3 lbs/person today. Shrimp prices have more than tripled during this same
period.
The full impacts of increased cultured shrimp production on traditional
catch fisheries have not yet been fully realized. We can expect that they soon
will be, however, since the world's population and per capita consumption of
shrimp are growing slower than cultured shrimp production increases. We
can and have speculated in the present volume about what will happen to
both the shrimp catch fishery and shrimp culture industry as world shrimp
supply exceeds demand and prices fall.
This book is about penaeid shrimp culture. We have tried to produce a
comprehensive volume which will be of value to the researcher, consultant,
practitioner and potential investor. We have tried to provide practical
information about the particulars of shrimp culture, as well as basic
information on shrimp biology. By so doing, we feel that we have broadened
the information base on shrimp culture and helped fuel further advancements.
Advancement, in the view of some, is most often accomplished by
someone erecting an idea, model or conceptual framework. This is followed
by testing and proposing alternative ideas, models or conceptual frameworks,
while the testing process is repeated. If the newer concepts are better they
replace the first. With this also in mind, we have produced this book. We
hope and expect that it will be replaced by better ones later. There are
recognized deficiencies in some areas, which must await later attention. Some
subject areas will soon deserve full volumes of their own.
With all of these thoughts in mind, we produced this book with the hope
that, "... some good might be got out of it."
Arlo W. Fast
Sichang Island, Chonburi
Gulf of Thailand
Kingdom of Thailand
May, 1989
Vll
As you read these chapters, it will be apparent that the scientific
foundation of shrimp aquaculture is in a very early stage. Thomas Kuhn
describes a level of scientific development in The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions (1962, p. 15) which I believe applies to aquaculture.
"In the absence of a paradigm or some candidate for a paradigm, all
of the facts that could possibly pertain to the development of a given
science are likely to seem equally relevant. As a result, early fact-
gathering is a far more nearly random activity than the one that
subsequent scientific development makes familiar." "Because the
crafts are one readily accessible source of facts that could not have
been casually discovered, technology has often played a vital role in
the emergence of new sciences."
Being representative of this stage of development, our book is a mixture of
science, technology and craft. Scientific advances in aquaculture are presently
limited by the level of available technology.
Shrimp culture will experience, no doubt, the type of technological
breakthroughs seen in agriculture. Science often advances in spurts or
"revolutions" which alter the conceptual foundations; therefore, the picture
of shrimp culture we present may not endure for long. We have done our
best to capture the "state of the art". There is a cornucopia of information
in these pages, but most of it will be revised and the next generation of
scientists and culturists will paint a different, more detailed picture of shrimp
biology, water chemistry, pond dynamics, etc.
A single book could not incorporate all of the important contributors to
the development of shrimp culture technology. The editors have attempted
to compensate for the lack or surfeit of qualified authors in certain areas
through personal contributions. This was simply the most efficient approach.
We hope that these areas have been faithfully summarized.
As one can see from the dates on the preface by Arlo Fast and this one,
it has taken two years to complete the editing of this book. Some of the
authors were not able to complete their contributions until late in 1990.
During final editing and formatting, I went through several changes in job
responsibilities which made it very difficult to give this project the time it
deserved. The publisher, my fellow editor and the authors have been very
understanding. I regret the delays that occurred in production of the final
draft of this manuscript; however, I believe this book is still very timely and
will make a significant contribution to the literature on shrimp culture.
L. James Lester
Houston, Texas
June, 1991
XI
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks are given to the following for their contributions to this book.
Sichang Marine Science Research and Training Station (SMaRT)
Department of Marine Science
Chulalongkorn University
Bangkok, Thailand
International Contract and Consulting Services Co., Ltd. (INTERCON)
Bangkok, Thailand
University of Houston-Clear Lake
Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
We would also like to acknowledge contributions by a number of other people, including
Dosette Pante, Milena Montufar-Garcia, Kristen Smith, Kerry Ellison, Sandy Wood, Pat Bennett
and Olga Gonzalez-Wong of the University of Houston-Clear Lake who assisted with manuscript
editing and preparation of camera ready copy. Ms. Punee Suchachaisri and Ms. Dari J. Carballo
of INTERCON, and Cherrie Pihana of Hawaii assisted with manuscript preparation; and Dr.
Piamsak Menasveta who supported the senior editor in many ways during his stay at "Chula" as
Visiting Researcher.
We would also like to acknowledge research, development and other experiences
made possible by funding through the Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Texas A&M Sea
Grant College Program, Hawaii State Aquaculture Development Program, South Carolina
Wildlife and Marine Resources, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station and USAID. These institutions, and others have provided opportunities for the editors
over the years to work with various aspects of marine shrimp biology and culture.
xii
CONTRIBUTORS
Goeff L. Allan Ernest S. Chang
New South Wales Agriculture University of California, Davis
and Fisheries P.O. Box 247
Brackishwater Fish Culture Bodega Bay, California 94923
Station U.S.A.
Salamander Bay, NSW 2301
AUSTRALIA Chen Jia Xin
Seafarming Development and
Dean M. Akiyama Demonstration Project
American Soybean Association Network of Aquaculture Centres
#11-03 Liat Towers in Asia (NACA)
541 Orchard Road G.P.O. Box 618
SINGAPORE 0923 Bangkok 10200
THAILAND
Julie Bailey-Brock
Department of Zoology John Colt
University of Hawaii at Manoa James M. Montgomery,
2538 The Mall, Edmondson Hall Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 2375 130th Ave., N.E.
U.S.A. Suite 200
Bellevue, Washington 98005
James M. Biedenbach U.S.A.
Shrimp Mariculture Project
Texas Agricultural Experiment Warren Dominy
Station 1947 College Hts. Road
P.O. Drawer Q Apt. 103-A
Port Aransas, Texas 78373 Manhattan, Kansas 66502
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Claude E. Boyd Arlo W. Fast
Dept. of Fisheries & Allied Hawaii Institute of Marine
Aquaculture Biology
Auburn University University of Hawaii at Manoa
Auburn, Alabama 36849 P.O. Box 1346
U.S.A. Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744
U.S.A.
William Bray
Shrimp Mariculture Project Alec Forbes
Texas Agricultural Experiment Seychelles Marketing Board
Station P.O. Box 634
4301 Waldron Road Mahe
Corpus Cristi, Texas 78418 REPUBLIC OF SEYCHELLES
U.S.A.
xiii
Wade L. Griffin Philippe Leger
Department of Agricultural Laboratory for Aquaculture and Artemia
Economics Reference Center
Texas A&M University Faculty of Agriculture
College Station, Texas 77843 State University of Ghent
U.S.A. Rozier 44, Ghent
BELGIUM
Yosuke Hirono and
PENTEC Artemia Systems NV/SA
P.O. Box 2422, Urdesa Wiedauwkaai 79
Guayaquil 900 Ghent
ECUADOR BELGIUM
J. Stephen Hopkins Mark Leslie
Waddell Marine Center Treasure Isle, Inc.
P.O. Box 809 P.O. Box 408
Bluffton, South Carolina 29910 Dover, Florida 33527
U.S.A. U.S.A.
John Huguenin L. James Lester
Woods Hole Engineering University of Houston-Clear Lake
Associates 2700 Bay Area Blvd.
P.O. Box 133 Houston, Texas 77058
Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 U.S.A.
U.S.A.
I-Chiu Liao, Director General
Johannes A. D. Lambregts Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute
Department of Agricultural 199 HOU-IH Road
Economics Keelung, Taiwan
Texas A&M University CHINA
College Station, Texas 77843
U.S.A. Donald V. Lightner
Department of Veterinary Sciences
James Lannan University of Arizona
Oregon State University Tucson, Arizona 85706
Marine Science Center U.S.A.
Newport, Oregon 97365
U.S.A.
Greg B. Maguire
Addison L. Lawrence National Key Centre for
Shrimp Mariculture Project Teaching & Research in
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Aquaculture
Texas A&M University Tasmanian State Institute of
P.O. Box Q Technology
Port Aransas, Texas 78373 Box 1214
U.S.A. Launceston, TAS 7250
AUSTRALIA
xiv
Piamsak Menasveta Tzachi M. Samocha
Sichang Marine Science Research and Shrimp Mariculture Project
Training Center Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
Department of Marine Science P.O. Drawer Q
Chulalongkorn University Port Aransas, Texas 78373
Bangkok, 10500 U.S.A.
THAILAND
Y. C. Shang
Shaun Moss Department of Agricultural &
Department of Zoology Resource Economics
University of Hawaii at Manoa University of Hawaii at Manoa
2538 The Mall, Edmondson Hall 2444 Dole Street
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
U.S.A. U.S.A.
Paul Olin Yang Ning Sheng
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology Chinese Academy of Fisheries
P.O. Box 1346 Sciences
Kaneoche, HI 96744 Wuxi, Jiangsu
CHINA
Ma. Josefa R. Pante
Marine Science Institute K. Shigueno
University of the Philippines Higashimaru Foods, Inc.
Diliman, Quezon City 1101 2-1-11 Taniyamako
PHILIPPINES Kagoshima City 891-01
JAPAN
Jurgenne Honculada Primavera
Aquaculture Department Linda L. Smith
Southeast Asia Fisheries Shrimp Mariculture Project
Development Center Texas Agricultural Experiment Station
Iloilo City, Panay P.O. Drawer Q
PHILIPPINES Port Aransas, Texas 78373
U.S.A.
Vu Do Quynh
c/o PROJEQ Patrick Sorgeloos
4 rue de Copenhague Laboratory for Aquaculture and Artemia
75008 Paris Reference Center
FRANCE Faculty of Agriculture
State University of Ghent
R. M. Redman Rozier 44, Ghent
Department of Veterinary Science BELGIUM
College of Agriculture
University of Arizona
Tuscon, Arizona 85721
U.S.A.