Table Of ContentPREFACE
Itisarealfactthattheimportanceofmarineorganismsassourcesofnew
substancesisgrowing.With marinespeciescomprisingapproximatelya
half of the total global biodiversity, the sea offers an enormous resource
for novel compounds,andithasbeenclassified asthelargestremaining
reservoirofnaturalmoleculestobeevaluatedformedicine.Variouskinds
of substances have been obtained from marine organisms because they
are living in a very exigent, competitive, and aggressive surrounding
entirely different from the terrestrial environment in many aspects, a
situationthatdemandstheproductionofquitespecificandpotentactive
substances.
Owing to the immense diversity of animals and microbes in the
marine environments, and their almost untouched capacity to produce
natural products, the importance for marine pharmaceutical and nutra-
ceuticalindustrieswasrealizedonabroadbasisbythescientificcommu-
nitiesrecently.Thishasstrengthenedworldwideresearchactivitiesonthe
explorationofbioactivecompoundsfrommarineorganismsforpharma-
ceuticaluse,aswellasthedevelopmentofothervaluableproducts,such
asenzymes,nutraceuticals,andcosmeceuticals.
The growing need for novel substances for the treatment of severe
human diseases such as cancer, microbial infections, and inflammatory
processes,combinedwiththerecognitionthatmarineorganismsprovide
a rich potential source of such substances, demands intensive search for
new substances from marine organisms. Modern marine biotechnology
has moved its focus to microbes and animals, and encompasses the
discoveryofnewpharmaceuticals.Inparticular,bacteriaandfungiasso-
ciated with marine organisms such as sponges, corals, and algae are
potentproducersofbiologicalactivesubstanceswithprominentactivities
not only against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses but also against
tumorcells.
Seaanimalsarerichinsolubledietaryfibers,proteins,minerals,vita-
mins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids,
with low caloric value. Polysaccharides from marine animals have been
reportedtopossessbiologicalactivitieswithpotentialmedicinalvaluesin
additiontotheircurrentstatusasasourceofdietaryfibersandprebiotics.
Moreover,theyhavealotofdietaryfiber,whichlowersbloodcholesterol,
and iodine, which improves metabolism, vascular and cardiac action,
body temperature, and perspiration regulation, and are effective in
xxi
xxii Preface
preventing hypertension, heart disease, and arterioscleroses. Further,
currentresearchhasprovedtheirpotentialmedicinalvalueagainstvari-
ous diseases, including allergy, cancer, diabetes, hypertensive, oxidative
stress,inflammation,thrombosis,obesity,lipidemia,andotherdegenera-
tive disorders. Hence, a large number of bioactive components from
marine organism have been identified with potential uses in various
areasincludingfunctionalfood,pharmaceutical,andcosmeceutical.
Thisbookiscompletedwiththehelpofmanyinvaluablecontributors
around the world. Therefore, I would like to thank them all for their
valuable time and effort invested in this book. This book is an attempt
to describe the present and future prospects of marine animals and
microbes as medicinal foods because the remedies containing natural
ingredients from marine animals go back to the ancient era. The nutri-
tional elements and biological activities centering around the reported
informationon marine animals werediscussedwith theview ofhelping
the personnel in the academia and also for general public. Since the
synthetically derived materials show some side effects, huge attention
from general public and academia on the products from natural-based
materials including marineanimals and microbes have been gained due
to their prominent biological activities and abundance. Therefore, this
book discusses the importance of biologically active compounds from
marineanimalsunderfivesections.
Chapter1familiarizesthereaderswiththeprospectsofmarineorgan-
ism-derivedsubstancesinrelationtomedicinalvalue.Itcoversthepres-
entandfutureprospectsofmarineorganisms.Chapters2–11describethe
sources of marine bioactives. Individual chapters cover the importance
and values of some frequently used marine animal species. Chapters
12–23, cover the medicinal effects of bioactives from marine animals.
Chapters24–29discussthevalueofmicrobesasmedicinalfoods.Finally,
Chapters 30–32, discusses the applications of marine animals-derived
materials in medicinal and nutraceutical industries in relation to human
health.
SE-KWONKIM
ADVISORY BOARDS
KEN BUCKLE
UniversityofNewSouthWales,Australia
MARY ELLEN CAMIRE
UniversityofMaine,USA
ROGER CLEMENS
UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,USA
HILDEGARDE HEYMANN
UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,USA
ROBERT HUTKINS
UniversityofNebraska,USA
RONALD JACKSON
BrockUniversity,Canada
HUUB LELIEVELD
GlobalHarmonizationInitiative,TheNetherlands
DARYL B. LUND
UniversityofWisconsin,USA
CONNIE WEAVER
PurdueUniversity,USA
RONALD WROLSTAD
OregonStateUniversity,USA
SERIES EDITORS
GEORGE F. STEWART (1948–1982)
EMIL M. MRAK (1948–1987)
C. O. CHICHESTER (1959–1988)
BERNARD S. SCHWEIGERT (1984–1988)
JOHN E. KINSELLA (1989–1993)
STEVE L.TAYLOR (1995–2011)
JEYA HENRY (2011– )
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CONTRIBUTORS
Numbersinparenthesesindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’contributionsbegin.
(cid:1) IraBhatnagar
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
Republic of Korea; Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong
NationalUniversity,Busan,RepublicofKorea(353)
(cid:1) Hee-GukByun
Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National
University,Gangneung,RepublicofKorea(47)
(cid:1) T.Caradec
Laboratoire ProBioGEM, IUT A, EA 1026, Universite´ Sciences et
Technologies,Lille,Villeneuved’Ascq,France(479)
(cid:1) L.Catiau
Laboratoire ProBioGEM, IUT A, EA 1026, Universite´ Sciences et
Technologies,Lille,Villeneuved’Ascq,France(479)
(cid:1) Byeong-DaeChoi
DepartmentofSeafoodScienceandTechnology,GyeongsangNational
University,Tongyeong,Korea(11)
(cid:1) YeungJoonChoi
DepartmentofSeafoodScienceandTechnology,GyeongsangNational
University,Tongyeong,Korea(11)
(cid:1) B.Cudennec
Laboratoire ProBioGEM, IUT A, EA 1026, Universite´ Sciences et
Technologies,Lille,Villeneuved’Ascq,France(479)
(cid:1) MahanamaDeZoysa
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University,
Yuseong-gu,Daejeon,RepublicofKorea(153)
(cid:1) PradeepDewapriya
Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong
NationalUniversity,Busan,RepublicofKorea(137)
(cid:1) AnupamGiri
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of
MarineScienceandTechnology,Tokyo,Japan(73)
xv
xvi Contributors
(cid:1) YoshihikoHayashi
Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
NagasakiUniversity,Nagasaki,Japan(107)
(cid:1) S.W.A.Himaya
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
RepublicofKorea(297)
(cid:1) MamoruIgarashi
Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo
University,GraduateSchoolofMedicine,Tokyo,Japan(337)
(cid:1) TakeshiIkeda
Department of Cariology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki,
Japan(107)
(cid:1) YoshikazuInoue
LipidLab.,YasudaOnoue-cho,Kakogawacity,Okayama,Japan(31)
(cid:1) R.Jaiganesh
Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM
University,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India(269,389)
(cid:1) Jae-YoungJe
School of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National
University,Yeosu,RepublicofKorea(121,321)
(cid:1) Joong-KyunJeon
Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National
University,Gangneung,RepublicofKorea(47)
(cid:1) Won-KyoJung
Department of Marine Life Science, Chosun University, Gwangju,
Republic of Korea; Marine Bio Research Center, Chosun University,
Gwangju,RepublicofKorea(287)
(cid:1) NishanS.Kalupahana
Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee,USA;UTObesityResearchCenter,UniversityofTennessee,
Knoxville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Medicine,UniversityofPeradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka(211)
(cid:1) Kyong-HwaKang
Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University,
Busan,RepublicofKorea(353)
(cid:1) FatihKaradeniz
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
RepublicofKorea(223)
Contributors xvii
(cid:1) Se-KwonKim
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
Republic of Korea; Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong
National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine
Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung,
Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Marine Biochemistry
Laboratory, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea;
Department of Chemistry, Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Pukyong
National University, Daeyoung 3-dong, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of
Korea(1,47,121,137,223,235,249,261,287,297,321,353,409,415,423,
495)
(cid:1) HidekiKishimura
Research Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato,
Hakodate,Hokkaido,Japan(437)
(cid:1) ZenyaKoyama
Department of Cariology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki,
Japan(107)
(cid:1) MaheshikaS.Kurukulasuriya
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka(457)
(cid:1) JungKwonLee
Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National
University,Gangneung,RepublicofKorea(47)
(cid:1) Yong-XinLi
Department of Chemistry, Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Pukyong
NationalUniversity,Busan,RepublicofKorea(409)
(cid:1) A.MalshaniSamaraweera
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka(457)
(cid:1) NorihitoMaru
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University,
Hiratsuka,Japan(171)
(cid:1) NaimaMoustaid-Moussa
Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee,USA;UTObesityResearchCenter,UniversityofTennessee,
Knoxville,Tennessee,USA(211)
(cid:1) IsaoNagaoka
Department of Host Defense and Biochemical Research, Juntendo
University,GraduateSchoolofMedicine,Tokyo,Japan(337)
xviii Contributors
(cid:1) Dai-HungNgo
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
RepublicofKorea(249)
(cid:1) ChamilaniNikapitiya
DepartmentofFisheries,AnimalandVeterinaryScience,Universityof
RhodeIsland,Kingston,RhodeIsland,USA(363)
(cid:1) OsamuOhno
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University,Yokohama,Japan(185)
(cid:1) ToshiakiOhshima
Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of
MarineScienceandTechnology,Tokyo,Japan(73)
(cid:1) RamjeePallela
Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University,
Busan,RepublicofKorea(1)
(cid:1) VitorH.Pomin
Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA; Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical
Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil(195)
(cid:1) R.Ravallec
Laboratoire ProBioGEM, IUT A, EA 1026, Universite´ Sciences et
Technologies,Lille,Villeneuved’Ascq,France(479)
(cid:1) KojiSakamoto
KoyoChemicalCo.,Ltd.,Tokyo,Japan(337)
(cid:1) N.S.SampathKumar
Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM
University,Kattankulathur,TamilNadu,India(269,389)
(cid:1) N.SatyaVijayaKumar
Nanotechnology Research Center, SRM University, Kattankulathur,
TamilNadu,India(269)
(cid:1) MahindaSenevirathne
Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University,
Busan,RepublicofKorea(235,495)
(cid:1) K.F.S.T.Silva
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka(457)
Contributors xix
(cid:1) NalinSiriwardhana
Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee,USA;UTObesityResearchCenter,UniversityofTennessee,
Knoxville,Tennessee,USA(211)
(cid:1) KiyotakeSuenaga
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University,Yokohama,Japan(185)
(cid:1) KoretaroTakahashi
Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
(31)
(cid:1) DaisukeUemura
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University,
Hiratsuka,Japan(171,185)
(cid:1) QuangVanTa
Department of Chemistry, Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Pukyong
NationalUniversity,Busan,RepublicofKorea(261)
(cid:1) JanakK.Vidanarachchi
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Peradeniya,Peradeniya,SriLanka(457)
(cid:1) Thanh-SangVo
Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan,
RepublicofKorea(249)
(cid:1) ShizukaYamada
Department of Cariology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences,
NagasakiUniversity,Nagasaki,Japan(107)
(cid:1) KajiroYanagiGuchi
Department of Cariology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki,
Japan(107)
(cid:1) ChenZhang
SchoolofMedicine,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China;Departmentof
Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea;
KeyLaboratoryofMolecularEnzymologyandEngineeringoftheMin-
istryofEducation,CollegeofLifeScience,JilinUniversity,Changchun,
China;MarineBioprocessResearchCenter,PukyongNationalUniver-
sity,Busan,RepublicofKorea(415,423)
2
CHAPTER
Nutraceutical Functionalities
of Polysaccharides from Marine
Invertebrates
Byeong-Dae Choi1 and Yeung Joon Choi
Contents I. Introduction 12
II. SourcesofPolysaccharides 14
A. Seacucumbers 14
B. Ascidians 18
C. Seaurchins 21
D. Nudibranchs 22
References 25
Abstract Many researchers are seeking functional materials from marine
resources.Thesemarineresourcescanbeusedastraditionalfood
additives, and specifically,these arebasedonpolysaccharides.To
date,thereisabigopportunitytodevelopnewhigh-valueadded
products with indispensable functional characteristics,which can
beusedinnutraceuticalseitherasadditivesorsupplements.Also,a
crossoverinthepharmaceuticalmarketmaybeestablished.Some
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mimetic-type molecules are already
being utilized in the field of nutrition as well as in the cosmetics
industry.Thischemicalisusedasadietarysupplementtomaintain
thestructureandfunctionofcartilages,forthereliefofpaincaused
by osteoarthritic joints, and can also be used as an
anti-inflammatoryagent.Recently,inrelationtotheprevalenceof
madcowdiseaseandavianinfluenza,theproductionofGAGsfrom
marineinvertebratesoffersnewmarketopportunitiesascompared
withthatobtainedfrombovineoravianlivestock.
DepartmentofSeafoodScienceandTechnology,GyeongsangNationalUniversity,Tongyeong,Korea
1 Correspondingauthor:Byeong-DaeChoi,E-mailaddress:[email protected]
AdvancesinFoodandNutritionResearch,Volume65 #2012ElsevierInc.
ISSN1043-4526,DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-416003-3.00002-0 Allrightsreserved.
11
