Manual on Airborne Surveillance Applications

66 Pages·2012·1.16 MB·English

Doc 9994
AN/496

Manual on Airborne
Surveillance Applications
________________________________
Approved by the Secretary General
and published under his authority
First Edition — 20xx
International Civil Aviation Organization
Published in separate English, French, Russian
and Spanish editions by the
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
999 University Street, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7

For ordering information and for a complete listing of sales agents
and booksellers, please go to the ICAO website at www.icao.int

Doc 9994, Manual on Airborne Surveillance Applications
Order Number: xxxx
ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x

© ICAO 20xx

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior
permission in writing from the International Civil Aviation Organization.
AMENDMENTS

Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Catalogue of ICAO
Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO
website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of
such amendments.

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA

AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA
No. Date Entered by No. Date Entered by

(iii)
Table of Contents

FOREWORD vii

1 ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCES 1

1.1 ABBREVIATIONS 1

1.2 DEFINITIONS 3

1.3 REFERENCES 7

2 OVERVIEW OF AIRBORNE SURVEILLANCE APPLICATIONS (ASAs) 10

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE-BROADCAST (ADS-B)10
2.1.1 Overview 10
2.1.2 Interactions of ADS-B and airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) 11
2.1.3 The limitations of ADS-B 11

2.2 ASAs – CONCEPT 13
2.2.1 Introduction 13
2.2.2 High level description of basic ASAs 13
2.2.3 Description of advanced ASAs 16
2.2.4 Description of other future applications 20

2.3 EVOLUTION OF ASAs 21

2.4 VALIDATION OF ASAs 22

2.5 ARCHITECTURE 23
2.5.1 Functional architecture 23
2.5.2 Description of cockpit solutions 29

2.6 OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS AND BENEFITS 31
2.6.1 Operational environment for AIRB 31
2.6.2 Operational environment for VSA 31
2.6.3 Operational environment for SURF 31
2.6.4 Operational environment for ITP 32
2.6.5 Operational benefits 32

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Table of Contents (iv)

Page

2.7 UNEQUIPPED AIRCRAFT CONSIDERATIONS 33
2.7.1 Partial equipage 33
2.7.2 Limitation of supplemental information by TIS-B 33
2.7.3 Segregation of airspace and flexible use of airspace 34

3 ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS RELATED TO ASAs 36

3.1 AIR NAVIGATION SERVICE PROVIDER (ANSP) SERVICE PROVISIONS 36
3.1.1 General considerations 36
3.1.2 ANSP considerations for AIRB, VSA and SURF 36
3.1.3 ANSP considerations for ITP implementation 37

3.2 OPERATOR ELIGIBILITY 38
3.2.1 General considerations 38
3.2.2 Operator considerations for AIRB, VSA, SURF 38
3.2.3 Operator considerations for ITP 39

3.3 FLIGHT PLANNING 40

4 CONTROLLER PROCEDURES 41

4.1 OVERVIEW 41

4.2 AIRB, VSA and SURF 42

4.3 ITP 43

5 FLIGHT CREW PROCEDURES 45

5.1 AIRB 45
5.1.1 Operational assumptions 45
5.1.2 Procedures 45

5.2 VSA 47
5.2.1 Operational assumptions 47
5.2.2 Procedures 47

5.3 SURF 49
5.3.1 Operational assumptions 49
5.3.2 Procedures 49
5.4 ITP 51
5.4.1 Operational assumptions 51
5.4.2 Procedures 51

Appendix1 ITP ADDITIONAL MATERIALS 53

1. ITP IMPLEMENTATION 53

1.1 INTRODUCTION 53

1.2 IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 53

2. EXAMPLES OF ITP GEOMETRIES AND CPDLC MESSAGES 58

______________________
(v)
FOREWORD

The manual has been developed by the Airborne Surveillance Task Force (ASTAF) which has been
established by ICAO in 2010 as a multidisciplinary team of experts for the timely development of ICAO
provisions to ensure global uniformity and interoperability of operations that are based on the use of
automatic dependent surveillance — broadcast (ADS-B) on the flight deck.

This manual has three main objectives:

a) to support the implementation of airborne surveillance and the initial applications for which
some industrial solutions are already available;

b) to present guidance material and references related to the standards and recommended
practices (SARPS), the procedures for air navigation services (PANS) and relevant industry
documents , i.e.; safety, performance and interoperability requirements (SPR) and minimum
operational performance standards (MOPS).

c) to summarize / recapitulate within an ICAO document the main results of the work carried out
in the air traffic management (ATM) community supported by ADS-B, which is recognized as
an essential enabler of the ICAO global concept of operations.

The manual is composed as follows:

a) Chapter 1 contains the definitions;

b) Chapter 2 briefly describes all airborne surveillance applications, defined and under
development, and discusses technical matters such as validation, architecture and partial
equipage;

c) Chapters 3, 4 and 5 address all applications available at the time of writing as follows: Chapter
3 deals with the air navigation service provider (ANSP) and aircraft operator perspective,
Chapter 4 deals with controller procedures while Chapter 5 deals with flight crew procedures.

The manual will be updated to incorporate additional airborne surveillance applications when they are made
available to the global ATM community.

The Secretary General
International Civil Aviation Organization
999 University Street
Montréal, Quebec H3C 5H7
Canada

______________________
(vii)
1

1 ABBREVIATIONS, DEFINITIONS AND REFERENCES

1.1 ABBREVIATIONS

ACAS Airborne collision avoidance system
ACID Aircraft identification
ADS-B Automatic dependent surveillance–broadcast
AIRAC Aeronautical information regulation and control
ANSP Air navigation service provider
ASA Airborne surveillance application
ASSAP Airborne surveillance and separation assistance processing
ASTAF Airborne Surveillance Task Force
ATC Air traffic control
ATM Air traffic management
ATS Air traffic services
ATSA Air traffic situational awareness
CAVS CDTI assisted visual separation
CDTI Cockpit display of traffic information
CPDLC Controller pilot data link communications
CRM Crew resource management
DCPC Direct controller pilot communication
EASA European Aviation Safety Agency
EFB Electronic flight bag
EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment
FIM Flight-deck based interval management
FMS Flight management system
FUA Flexible use of airspace
GNSS Global navigation satellite system
HMI Human machine interface
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFR Instrument flight rules
IM Interval management
IMC Instrument meteorological conditions
ITP In trail procedure
MLAT Multilateration (systems)
MOPS Minimum operational performance standards
NAC Navigation accuracy category
NCAA National civil aviation authority
NIC Navigation integrity category
NUC Navigation uncertainty category
OEM Original equipment manufacturer
OSA Operational safety assessment
RSI Runway status indication
RTCA Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
SESAR Single European Sky ATM Research
Chapter 1. Definitions 2
SIL Source integrity level (ADS-B version 2)
SIL Surveillance integrity level (ADS-B version 1)
SOP Standard operating procedures
SPR Safety, performance and interoperability requirements
SSR Secondary surveillance radar
TIS-B Traffic information service–broadcast
UAT Universal access transceiver
VDL VHF digital link
VFR Visual flight rules
VMC Visual meteorological conditions
VSA Visual separation on approach
WAM Wide Area multilateration
Chapter 1. Definitions 3
1.2 DEFINITIONS

Accuracy (for position and velocity information). Accuracy is the degree of conformance between a
platform's true position and/or velocity and its estimated or reported position and/or velocity.

Airborne surveillance and separation assurance processing (ASSAP). The processing of surveillance and
other data in support of ASAs. ASSAP Function - Function that processes surveillance data using ADS-B
reports from the ADS-B receive function, and performs application-specific processing.

Airborne surveillance application (ASA). A set of operational procedures for controllers and flight crews
that makes use of the capabilities of airborne surveillance to meet a clearly defined operational goal.

Airborne traffic situational awareness applications. These applications are aimed at enhancing the flight
crews’ knowledge of the surrounding traffic situation, both in the air and on the airport surface, and thus
improving the flight crew’s decision process for the safe and efficient management of their flight.

Aircraft address. A unique combination of twenty-four bits available for assignment to an aircraft for the
purpose of air-ground communications, navigation and surveillance.

Aircraft identification (ACID). A group of letters, figures or a combination thereof which is either identical
to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign to be used in air-ground communications, and which is
used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air traffic services communications.

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) OUT. A function on an aircraft or vehicle that
periodically broadcasts its state vector (position and velocity) and other information derived from on-board
systems in a format suitable for ADS-B IN capable receivers.

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) IN. A function that receives surveillance data from
ADS-B OUT data sources.

Closing ground speed differential. The difference between the ITP Aircraft’s ground speed and a reference
aircraft’s ground speed that results in a reduction of the ITP distance.

Closing Mach speed differential. The difference in Mach speed between the ITP aircraft and the reference
aircraft that results in a reduction of the ITP distance.

Cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI). A graphical plan-view (top down) traffic display and aural
features necessary to display traffic information, guidance and alerts.

Note. - In the context of this document, the term traffic display is consistently used as a graphical cockpit
display of traffic information, often referred as a CDTI.

Conflict. A predicted violation of parameterized minimum separation criteria for adverse weather, aircraft
traffic, special use airspace, other airspace, turbulence, noise sensitive areas, terrain and obstacles, etc.