Table Of ContentManaging and Designing Landscapes
for Conservation
Conservation Science and Practice Series
Published in association with the Zoological Society ofLondon
Blackwell Publishing and the Zoological Society of London are proud to present our new
Conservation Science and Practicevolume series.Each book in the series reviews a key issue in
conservation today.We are particularly keen to publish books that address the multidisciplinary
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Books in the series can be single or multi-authored and proposals should be sent to:
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Richard Cowling,Nelson Mandela Metropolitan,Port Elizazbeth,South Africa
John Gittleman,Institute ofEcology,University ofGeorgia,USA
Andrew Knight,Nelson Mandela Metropolitan,Port Elizazbeth,South Africa
Georgina Mace,Imperial College London,Silwood Park,UK
Daniel Pauly,University ofBritish Columbia,Canada
Stuart Pimm,Duke University,USA
Hugh Possingham,University ofQueensland,Australia
Peter Raven,Missouri Botanical Gardens,USA
Michael Samways,University ofStellenbosch,South Africa
Nigel Stork,University ofMelbourne,Australia
Rosie Woodroffe,University ofCalifornia,Davis,USA
Conservation Science and Practice Series
Managing and Designing
Landscapes for Conservation:
Moving from Perspectives to
Principles
Edited by
David B.Lindenmayer
Richard J.Hobbs
© 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
1 2007
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Landscapes for conservation:moving from perspectives to principles / edited by
David B.Lindenmayer,Richard J.Hobbs.
p.cm.– (Conservation science and practice series)
“Published in association with the Zoological Society ofLondon.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-5914-2 (pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Ecological landscape design.2.Landscape
protection.I.Lindenmayer,David.II.Hobbs,R.J.(Richard J.) III.Zoological Society ofLondon.
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712–dc22
2007016681
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Contents
Foreword: Landscapes in Peril xi
1 Introduction 1
David B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 1:Classification ofLandscapes and Terminology 7
2 The Whole Elephant:Classification and Terminology as
Tools for Achieving Generality in Landscape Ecology 9
S.McIntyre
3 Enacting Landscape Design:from Specific Cases to
General Principles 22
Yrjö Haila
4 Landscape Models for Use in Studies ofLandscape
Change and Habitat Fragmentation 35
David B.Lindenmayer and J.Fischer
5 Synthesis:Landscape Classification 49
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 2:Habitat,Habitat Loss and Patch Sizes 53
6 Remnant Geometry,Landscape Morphology,and Principles and
Procedures for Landscape Design 55
Ralph Mac Nally
7 Estimating Minimum Habitat for Population Persistence 64
Lenore Fahrig
8 Habitat and Landscape Design:Concepts,
Constraints and Opportunities 81
James R.Miller
9 Synthesis:Habitat,Habitat Loss and Patch Sizes 96
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
vi Contents
Section 3:Structure,Degradation and Condition 99
10 Nature’s Infinite Variety:Conservation Choice and
Management for Dynamic Ecological Systems 101
J.C.Z.Woinarski
11 The Diverse Impacts ofGrazing,Fire and Weeds:How Ecological
Theory Can Inform Conservation Management 111
Don A.Driscoll
12 Forest Landscape Structure,Degradation and Condition:Some
Commentary and Fundamental Principles 131
Jerry F.Franklin and Mark E.Swanson
13 Synthesis:Structure,Degradation and Condition 146
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 4:Edge Effects 149
14 Incorporating Edge Effects into Landscape
Design and Management 151
Thomas D.Sisk
15 Edge Effects 165
David B.Lindenmayer and J.Fischer
16 Edges:Where Landscape Elements Meet 179
Gary W.Luck
17 Synthesis:Edge Effects 195
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 5:Total Vegetation Cover,Pattern,Patch Content 199
18 Emergent Properties ofLand Mosaics:Implications for Land
Management and Biodiversity Conservation 201
Andrew F.Bennett and James Q.Radford
19 Assessing the Biodiversity Value ofStands and Patches
in a Landscape Context 215
Philip Gibbons,S.V.Briggs,Andre Zerger,Danielle Ayers,
Julian Seddon and Stuart Doyle
20 Avoiding Irreversible Change:Considerations for Vegetation
Cover,Vegetation Structure and Species Composition 229
Joern Fischer and David B.Lindenmayer
Contents . vii
21 Synthesis:Total Vegetation Cover,Pattern and Patch Content 245
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 6:Connectivity,Corridors,Stepping Stones 249
22 Corridors,Connectivity and Biological Conservation 251
F.K.A.Schmiegelow
23 Focal Species for Determining Connectivity Requirements
in Conservation Planning 263
Reed F.Noss
24 Connectivity,Corridors and Stepping Stones 280
Denis A.Saunders
25 Synthesis:Corridors,Connectivity and Stepping Stones 290
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 7:Individual Species Management – Threatened Taxa and 293
Invasive Species
26 Individual Species Management:
Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species 295
Daniel Simberloff
27 Managing Landscapes for Vulnerable,Invasive and
Disease Species 311
Erika Zavaleta and Jae Ryan Pasari
28 Tools for Conserving Managing Individual Plant Species
in Dynamic Landscapes 330
Mark Burgman,Jane Elith,Emma Gorrod and Bonnie Wintle
29 Synthesis:Individual Species Management –
Threatened Taxa and Invasive Species 343
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 8:Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes 347
30 Ecosystems,Ecosystem Processes and Global Change:
Implications for Landscape Design 349
Adrian D.Manning
31 The Costs ofLosing and ofRestoring Ecosystem Services 365
H.A.Mooney
viii Contents
32 Managing Disturbance Across Scales:An Essential
Consideration for Landscape Management and Design 376
Viki A.Cramer
33 Synthesis:Ecosystems and Ecosystem Processes 390
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 9:Disturbance,Resilience and Recovery 393
34 Disturbance,Resilience and Recovery:A Resilience
Perspective on Landscape Dynamics 395
Brian Walker
35 Core Principles for Using Natural Disturbance Regimes
to Inform Landscape Management 408
Malcolm L.Hunter Jr.
36 Synthesis:Disturbance,Resilience and Recovery 423
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 10:Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity 427
37 Principles for Conserving Wetlands in Managed Landscapes 429
Aram J.K.Calhoun
38 Flowing Waters in the Landscape 445
P.S.Lake
39 Water in the Landscape:The Coupling ofAquatic
Ecosystems and their Catchments 458
Peter Cullen
40 Synthesis:Aquatic Ecosystems and Integrity 473
David.B.Lindenmayer and Richard J.Hobbs
Section 11:Bringing It All Together 477
41 Does Conservation Need Landscape Ecology?
A Perspective from Both Sides ofthe Divide 479
John A.Wiens
42 What Are We Conserving? Establishing Multiscale Conservation
Goals and Objectives in the Face ofGlobal Threats 494
J.Michael Scott and Timothy H.Tear
Contents . ix
43 Goals,Targets and Priorities for Landscape-Scale Restoration 511
Richard J.Hobbs
44 A Contribution to the Development ofa Conceptual
Framework for Landscape Management:A Landscape State
and Transition Model 527
Peter Cale
45 Principles ofLandscape Design that Emerge from a
Formal Problem-Solving Approach 546
Hugh P.Possingham and Emily Nicholson
46 From Perspectives to Principles:Where to From Here? 561
Richard J.Hobbs and David.B.Lindenmayer
Index 569
Foreword: Landscapes in Peril
Paul R. Ehrlich
While many environmental scientists and some politicians are focused on
climate change as a major threat to both biodiversity and the supply ofcrucial
ecosystem services to humanity,a connected and likely equally daunting chal-
lenge is runaway land-use change. Indeed, the future of biodiversity greatly
depends on the future of agricultural production for food and,increasingly,
fuel.Ecologists know this,and it has spurred the development offields called
landscape ecology, conservation biology, countryside biogeography, and
restoration ecology,which deal with how human activities are changing both
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,what the consequences are for both biodi-
versity and ecosystem services,and what can be done to ameliorate deleteri-
ous changes. Accelerating anthropogenic climate change adds a dynamic
urgency to all ofthese disciplines (e.g.,Parmesan,2006).
Sadly,despite the supreme importance of these fields,precious few gener-
alizations have emerged from these scientific efforts, beyond the knowledge
that spatial issues are extremely important to conservation,and that human-
dominated landscapes can be managed in ways that will enhance their hospi-
tality to biodiversity and their ability to deliver services. For example, even
areas that were once tropical forest but are now mixed agricultural countrysides
can,under certain conditions,maintain substantial portions ofthe original for-
est biota (e.g.,Daily et al.2003;Sekercioglu et al.2007).In addition,there are
guidelines for action that can be ofimmediate and direct use to managers.
Managing and Designing Landscapes for Conservation is a first attempt at
identifying further principles from what environmental scientists have learned
about these issues – revealing a rich lode of distilled knowledge. But in
extracting the sorts ofprinciples that can serve as actual guides for managers,
it is clear there are no easy answers.So much is contingent on the nature and
history of the ecosystem, the organisms or ecosystem processes to be sus-
tained,and the socio–economic–political context that finding the equivalent
ofa Boyle’s Law for landscape ecology seems highly unlikely.
For example,the ecological value ofcorridors – a classic topic in conserva-
tion science – turns out to be fiendishly complex and context-dependent.
