Table Of ContentSpringer Proceedings in Physics 151
Eric Beaurepaire
Hervé Bulou
Loic Joly
Fabrice Scheurer Editors
Magnetism
and Synchrotron
Radiation: Towards
the Fourth Generation
Light Sources
Proceedings of the 6th International
School “Synchrotron Radiation and
Magnetism”, Mittelwihr (France), 2012
Springer Proceedings in Physics
Volume 151
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/361
Eric Beaurepaire Hervé Bulou
•
Loic Joly Fabrice Scheurer
•
Editors
Magnetism and Synchrotron
Radiation: Towards the
Fourth Generation Light
Sources
Proceedings of the 6th International School
‘‘Synchrotron Radiation and Magnetism’’,
Mittelwihr (France), 2012
123
Editors
Eric Beaurepaire LoicJoly
Hervé Bulou IPCMSDepartment ofMagnetic Objects
Fabrice Scheurer ontheNanoScale
IPCMS Université Strasbourg CNRS
Université Strasbourg CNRS Strasbourg Cedex 2
Strasbourg France
France
ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-03031-9 ISBN 978-3-319-03032-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03032-6
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953223
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2013
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Foreword
WhentheEditorsaskedmetowriteaforewordfortheseLectureNotes,mod-
esty suggested I should decline at the sight of the impressive list of interna-
tionally recognized expert contributors: the notes cover the 6th International
School“SynchrotronRadiationandMagnetism”,heldinMittelwihr(France)
in the Autumn 2012. But my thoughts went back to the 1990’s when it all
startedwiththeannual“Grand-Est”workshopsofthe“InstitutdePhysiqueet
de Chimie des Mate´riaux de Strasbourg” (IPCMS) that boosted my involve-
ment in spectroscopic studies of magnetism using synchrotron light and my
participation, first as a novice, later as a lecturer, in the quadriennal series
of these schools organized by the IPCMS. At the 4th school (2004), I, like
the rest of the audience, was particularly impressed by Franc¸ois GAUTIER’s
lecture providing a fascinating, clear, and insightful picture of magnetism.
Unfortunatelyhisextensiveresponsibilitieslefthimnoroomtowritedowna
manuscript and we, the students, did not take the initiative of recording this
highlypedagogicalmoment.Hislecturecontributedstronglytoourenthusi-
asm for studying magnetism and convinced us that publishing lecture notes
wasanessentialconsolidationofthevariousviewpointsbroughttothisfield.
That past frustration convinced me that this foreword was an opportunity to
stress how important and timely this pedagogical book seems to me. It is a
snapshot of both our present understanding of magnetism acquired via syn-
chrotron radiation based techniques and a glimpse into the future as tools
developatmoreadvancedlightsources.
Magnetismisoneofthemostimportantphysicaleffectsinlifeasweknow
it.TheEarth’smagneticfieldhasprobablybeencrucialtotheappearanceof
LifeontheBluePlanet:itavoidstheerosionofouratmospherebythesolar
v
vi Foreword
wind,andthusprotectsourbiosphere.Magnetismhasplayedaprominentrole
in the determination of the geography of our world thanks to the use of the
“magnetic”compassasanavigationalinstrumentatthebeginningoftheXIth
century.Todaywecanhardlyimaginelivingwithoutelectricityproducedby
the conversion of mechanical energy using magnets. Magnetic effects are at
theforefrontofmodernelectronicsinvolvingresearchintothesizeandspeed
limitsinherentinthemanipulationofmagnetizationandthedevelopmentof
spintronics, i.e., the use of both the charge and the spin information carried
bytheelectron.Thisiswherespectroscopictoolsusingsynchrotronradiation
comeintoplay.
Synchrotron radiation is the light emitted by relativistic charged parti-
cles moving along a curved trajectory. Considered by nuclear physicists as
a nuisance because responsible of particle energy loss, it was recognized in
the 1960’s as a light source of tremendous interest for spectroscopy. Under
the impulse of Yvette CAUCHOIS, head at this time of the “Laboratoire de
ChimiePhysiquedelaFaculte´ desSciencesdeParis”,thefirstspectroscopic
experiments in Europe using the orbit radiation of the Frascati synchrotron
were done, in collaboration with the “Istituto Superiore di Sanita`” (Rome).
The new physics that can be explored using the unique properties of syn-
chrotronradiation,namelycontinuousspectralrangefromtheinfraredtothe
x-rays,highintensity,angularcollimation,polarization,andpulsedstructure,
attracted an ever-growing scientific community and led in the 1970’s to the
building of storage rings dedicated to the sole production of “synchrotron”
light(calledsecondgenerationsynchrotronradiationsources).Thenextstep
has been, as in the current (third-generation) synchrotron radiation sources,
to increase their brightness and obtain full control of the polarisation of the
light.Noweffortsaremadetodevelopfourth-generationlightsources:x-ray
free-electronlasers.
The first experimental evidence that light and electromagnetism were
linked was given by FARADAY (1845) and KERR (1875) who observed a
rotation of the plane of polarization of visible light either transmitted or re-
flectedbyamagneticsystem.Synchrotronlightbeingnaturallypolarized,it
was tempting to extend magneto-optics to the x-ray range. Strong magneto-
opticaleffectswereindeedtheoreticallypredicted(1975)andexperimentally
observed (1987). This discovery of magnetic dichroism in x-ray absorption
has made a great impact on the understanding of magnetic interactions in
matter because it opens the way to element- and orbital-specific investiga-
tions.Thetechniquesoonbecameastandardprobeofmagneticpropertiesas,
viathe“sumrules”(1992-3),itallowsthedeterminationofelementalorbital
Foreword vii
and spin magnetic moments. It turns out that x-ray magnetic dichroism is a
facetofrelatedx-raymagneto-opticaleffectssuchasx-rayresonantmagnetic
scattering, magnetodichroic x-ray/electron (micro-)spectroscopies and x-ray
holography,tociteafew,thatarenowclassicalcharacterizationtoolsofmag-
netic(nano-)objects.
Thus 2012 was the Silver Wedding Anniversary between synchrotron ra-
diationandmagnetism.Thereisnodoubtthatinthecomingyearsthispart-
nership will give birth to interesting “new offspring” in the exploration of
magnetismatlargelightsourcefacilities,inparticularatlowerlengthscales
(<10nm)andshortertimescales(<100fs).
This book is a fitful celebration of this anniversary because it is an illus-
tration of the progress made in the physics of magnetic materials by closely
coupling synchrotron radiation and magnetism and forms an excellent text-
book on magnetism and spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, including
the presentation of new hot topics and perspectives in x-ray radiography of
magnetism.
Iwouldliketounderlinethatthecontributors,allleadersinthefield,have
madearemarkablepedagogicaleffort.
Paris,Trieste,March2013 Jean-MichelMariot
Preface
ThisvolumecontainsthelecturenotesofthefifthschoolonMagnetismand
Synchrotron Radiation held in Mittelwihr, France, from 14 to 19 October
2012.
Twenty three years ago, in March 1989, was held the first edition of this
school,whichendedbyaone-dayinternationalWorkshop.Theelderonesof
usvividlyrememberthetalkgiveninthisworkshopbyG.Schu¨tz,whopre-
sented the first x-ray magnetic circular dichroism results obtained two years
earlier.Thisdiscoverywasimportantenoughtoopennewperspectivesinthe
studyofmagnetism,whichkeptonfeedingtheschoolwithnewtopicsforthe
following25years.
Wewouldliketothankalltheteachersfortheinterestingandverymuch
appreciatedlecturestheygaveandforanimatingthepracticalsofthisschool,
aswellasthemembersofthescientificcommitteefortheirhelpinestablish-
ing the school program (see lists next pages). We are very grateful to J.-M.
Mariot, a long-date supporter who kindly accepted to write the foreword of
thisbook.
The success of this school is also due to the hard work of our colleagues
fromthelocalorganizationcommittee,J.-L.Bubendorff(LPSE,Mulhouse),
F. Gautier, V. Wernher and S. Cherifi (IPCMS). Particular thanks go to J.-P.
Kappler, one of the main and early initiators of this exciting adventure, and
faithfullorganizersince1989.Thankyouforpushingustomakethisschool
livefurther.
Last but not least, it is a great pleasure to acknowledge the kind hospi-
tality of the Centre de Mittelwihr and the Communaute´ des Communes de
Ribeauville´ whichhavebeenwelcomingussince1989.
ix
x Preface
This school would not have been possible without financial support by
followinginstitutionsandcompanies,whichwegratefullyacknowledge:
- FormationPermanenteduCNRS
- Universite´ deHauteAlsace
- Re´gionAlsace
- ConseilGe´ne´ralduHaut-Rhin
- InstitutdePhysiqueetChimiedesMate´riauxdeStrasbourg
- SynchrotronSOLEIL,StAubin
- ALTECEquipment
- SPECS
- VAT
Strasbourg,May2013 E.Beaurepaire
H.Bulou
L.Joly
F.Scheurer
Preface xi
Teachers
M.ALTARELLI (EuropeanXFEL,Hambourg,Germany)
U.BOVENSIEPEN (Universita¨tDuisburg-Essen,Germany)
S.G.CHIUZBA˘IAN (LCPMR,Paris,France)
M.-E COUPRIE (SynchrotronSOLEIL,Gif-sur-Yvette,France)
P.FISCHER (LBNL,Berkeley,UnitedStates)
A.FOGNINI (ETHZu¨rich,Switzerland)
R.HERTEL (IPCMS,Strasbourg,France)
P.HOFMANN (AarhusUniversity,Aahrus,Denmark)
P.OHRESSER (SynchrotronSOLEIL,Gif-sur-Yvette,France)
B.PFAU (HelmholtzZentrumBerlin-Bessy,Germany)
N.JAOUEN (SynchrotronSOLEIL,Gif-sur-Yvette,France)
A.JUHIN (IMPMC,Paris,France)
P.KRU¨GER (Universite´ deBourgogne,Dijon,France)
A.ROGALEV (ESRF,Grenoble,France)
P.SAINCTAVIT (CNRS,IMPMC,Paris,France)
R.L.STAMPS (UniversityofGlasgow,UnitedKingdom)
G.VANDERLAAN(DiamondLightSource,Didcot,UnitedKingdom)
C.VETTIER (ESRF,Grenoble,France)
ScientificCommittee
M.ALTARELLI (EuropeanXFEL,Hambourg,France)
M.BOWEN (IPCMS,Strasbourg,France)
D.CHANDESRIS (LPS,Orsay,France)
P.CRESPO (UCM,Madrid,Spain)
K.DUMESNIL (IJL,Nancy,France)
V.DUPUIS (ILM,Lyon,France)
P.GAMBARDELLA(ALBA,Barcelona,Spain)
G.VANDERLAAN (DiamondLightSource,Didcot,UK)
J.-M.MARIOT (LCPMR,Paris,France)
F.PETROFF (CNRS-THALES,Palaiseau,France)
A.ROGALEV (ESRF,Grenoble,France)
M.SACCHI (SynchrotronSOLEIL,GifsurYvette,France)
A.SCHUHL (InstitutNe´el,Grenoble,France)
C.STAMM (HelmholtzZentrumBerlin-Bessy,Germany)
U.STAUB (SLS,Villigen,Switzerland)
M.ZACCHIGNA (ELETTRA,Trieste,Italy)
