Table Of ContentL SAT
*
PrepTest 1
June 1991
Test ID: LL3001
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ReadingComprehension..............................SECTIONI
(cid:1)
AnalyticalReasoning.................................SECTIONII
(cid:1)
LogicalReasoning....................................SECTIONIII
(cid:1)
LogicalReasoning....................................SECTIONIV
(cid:1)
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SECTIONI
Time—35minutes
28Questions
Directions:Eachpassageinthissectionisfollowedbyagroupofquestionstobeansweredonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimplied
inthepassage.Forsomeofthequestions,morethanoneofthechoicescouldconceivablyanswerthequestion.However,youare
to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the
correspondingspaceonyouranswersheet.
ForthepoetPhillisWheatley,whowasbroughtto Thuslimitedbytheeighteenth-centuryEnglish
colonialNewEnglandasaslavein1761,theformal literarycode,Wheatley’spoetrycontributedlittleto
literarycodeofeighteenth-centuryEnglishwas (55) thedevelopmentofadistinctiveAfricanAmerican
thriceremoved:bytheinitialbarrierofthe literarylanguage.Yetbythestandardsofthe
(5) unfamiliarEnglishlanguage,bythediscrepancy literaryconventionsinwhichshechosetowork,
betweenspokenandliteraryformsofEnglish,andby Wheatley’spoetryisundeniablyaccomplished,and
theAfricantraditionoforalratherthanwritten sheisjustlycelebratedasthefirstBlackAmerican
verbalart.Wheatleytranscendedthesebarriers—she (60) poet.
learnedtheEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterary
(10) formssoquicklyandwellthatshewascomposing 1. Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemain
goodpoetryinEnglishwithinafewyearsofher ideaofthepassage?
arrivalinNewEngland.
(A) Folkartistsemployedmoreprinciplesof
Wheatley’sexperienceexemplifiesthemeetingof
Africanoraltraditionintheirworksthandid
oralandwrittenliterarycultures.Theaesthetic
PhillisWheatleyinherpoetry.
(15) principlesoftheAfricanoraltraditionwere
(B) AlthoughPhillisWheatleyhadtoovercome
preservedinAmericabyfolkartistsinworksongs,
significantbarriersinlearningEnglish,she
dancing,fieldhollers,religiousmusic,theuseof
masteredtheliteraryconventionsof
thedrum,and,afterthedrumwasforbidden,inthe
eighteenth-centuryEnglishaswellasAfrican
perpetuationofdrumeffectsinsong.African
aestheticcanons.
(20) languagesandthefunctionsoflanguageinAfrican
(C) PhillisWheatley’spoetrydidnotfulfillthe
societiesnotonlycontributedtotheemergenceofa
potentialinherentinherexperiencebutdid
distinctiveBlackEnglishbutalsoexerted
representasignificantaccomplishment.
demonstrableeffectsonthemannerinwhichother
(D) TheevolutionofadistinctiveAfrican
AmericansspokeEnglish.GivenherAfrican
Americanliterarylanguagecanbetraced
(25) heritageandherfacilitywithEnglishandthe
fromthecreationsofAfricanAmericanfolk
conventionsofEnglishpoetry,Wheatley’swork
artiststothepoetryofPhillisWheatley.
hadthepotentialtoapplytheideasofawritten
(E) PhillisWheatleyjoinedwithAfricanAmerican
literaturetoanoralliterarytraditioninthecreation
folkartistsinpreservingtheprinciplesofthe
ofanAfricanAmericanliterarylanguage.
Africanoraltradition.
(30) Butthiswasapotentialthatherpoetry
unfortunatelydidnotexploit.Thestandardsof
2. Theapproachtopoetrytakenbyamodern-day
eighteenth-centuryEnglishpoetry,whichitself
ItalianimmigrantinAmericawouldbemost
reflectedlittleoftheAmericanlanguage,led
analogoustoPhillisWheatley’sapproach,asitis
Wheatleytodevelopanotionofpoetryasaclosed
describedinthepassage,iftheimmigrant
(35) system,derivedfromimitationofearlierwritten
works.Noplaceexistedfortherough-and-ready (A) translatedItalianliteraryformsintothe
AmericanizedEnglishsheheardinthestreets,for Americanidiom
theEnglishspokenbyBlackpeople,orfor (B) combinedItalianandAmericanliterary
Africanisms.Theconventionsofeighteenth-century traditionsintoanewformofpoetic
(40) neoclassicalpoetryruledoutcasualtalk;hervoice expression
andfeelingshadtobegeneralizedaccordingto (C) contributedtothedevelopmentofadistinctive
rulesofpoeticdictionandcharacterization;the ItalianAmericanliterarystyle
particularsofherAfricanpast,iftheyweretobe (D) definedartisticexpressionintermsof
dealtwithatall,hadtobesubordinatedtothe eighteenth-centuryItalianpoeticconventions
(45) reigningconventions.Africanpoetrydidnot (E) adoptedthelanguageandformsofmodern
countaspoetryinhernewsituation,andAfrican Americanpoetry
aestheticcanonswereirrelevanttothenewcontext
becausenolinguisticorsocialframeworkexistedto
reinforcethem.Wheatleyadoptedaforeign
(50) languageandaforeignliterarytradition;they GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
werenotextensionsofherpastexperience,but
replacements.
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3. Accordingtothepassage,Africanlanguageshada 6. Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmost
notableinfluenceon weakentheauthor’sargumentconcerningtherole
thatWheatleyplayedintheevolutionofanAfrican
(A) thereligiousmusicofcolonistsinNew
Americanliterarylanguage?
England
(B) thefolkartofcolonistsinNewEngland (A) Wheatley’spoetrywasadmiredinEnglandfor
(C) formalwrittenEnglish itsfaithfulnesstotheconventionsof
(D) Americanspeechpatterns neoclassicalpoetry.
(E) eighteenth-centuryaestheticprinciples (B) WheatleycompiledahistoryinEnglishofher
family’sexperiencesinAfricaandAmerica.
4. Bya“closedsystem”ofpoetry(lines34–35),the (C) ThelanguagebarriersthatWheatleyovercame
authormostprobablymeanspoetrythat wereeventuallytranscendedbyallwhowere
broughtfromAfricaasslaves.
(A) cannotbewrittenbythosewhoarenotraised
(D) SeveralmodernAfricanAmericanpoets
knowingitsconventions
acknowledgetheimportanceofWheatley’s
(B) haslittleinfluenceonthewaylanguageis
poetrytoAmericanliterature.
actuallyspoken
(E) Scholarstracethemesandexpressionsin
(C) substitutesitsownconventionsforthe
AfricanAmericanpoetrybacktothepoetry
aestheticprinciplesofthepast
ofWheatley.
(D) doesnotadmittheuseofstreetlanguageand
casualtalk
7. Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassage
(E) isultimatelyrejectedbecauseitsconventions
wouldmostprobablyhavepraisedPhillisWheatley’s
leavelittleroomforfurtherdevelopment
poetrymoreifithad
5. Accordingtothepassage,thestandardsof (A) affectedthemannerinwhichslavesandfreed
eighteenth-centuryEnglishpoetrypermitted BlackpeoplespokeEnglish
Wheatleytoincludewhichoneofthefollowingin (B) definedAfricanAmericanartisticexpressionin
herpoetry? termsofearlierworks
(C) adoptedthestandardsofeighteenth-century
(A) generalizedfeelings
Englishpoetry
(B) AmericanizedEnglish
(D) combinedelementsoftheEnglishliterary
(C) themesfromfolkart
traditionwiththoseoftheAfricanoral
(D) casualtalk
tradition
(E) Blackspeech
(E) focusedonthebarriersthatwrittenEnglish
literaryformspresentedtoBlackartists
8. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccurately
characterizestheauthor’sattitudewithrespectto
PhillisWheatley’sliteraryaccomplishments?
(A) enthusiasticadvocacy
(B) qualifiedadmiration
(C) dispassionateimpartiality
(D) detachedambivalence
(E) perfunctorydismissal
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Onescientificdiscipline,duringitsearlystagesof (60) Fruton,abiochemist,hassuggestedthatsuch
development,isoftenrelatedtoanotherasan competitionandtheresultingtensionsamong
antithesistoitsthesis.Thethesisdisciplinetendsto researchersareaprincipalsourceofvitalityand“are
concernitselfwithdiscoveryandclassificationof likelytoleadtounexpectedandexcitingnovelties
(5) phenomena,toofferholisticexplanations inthefuture,astheyhaveinthepast.”
emphasizingpatternandform,andtouseexisting
theorytoexplainthewidestpossiblerangeof 9. Whichoneofthefollowingbeststatesthecentral
phenomena.Thepairedorantidiscipline,onthe ideaofthepassage?
otherhand,canbecharacterizedbyamorefocused
(A) Antitheticalscientificdisciplinescanboth
(10) approach,concentratingontheunitsofconstruction,
stimulateandhinderoneanother’sresearchin
andbyabeliefthatthedisciplinecanbe
complexways.
reformulatedintermsoftheissuesandexplanations
(B) Antitheticalscientificdisciplinesofteninteract
oftheantidiscipline.
withoneanotherinwaysthatcanbehighly
Therelationshipofcytology(cellbiology)to
useful.
(15) biochemistryinthelatenineteenthcentury,when
(C) Asdisciplinessuchascytologyand
bothdisciplinesweregrowingatarapidpace,
biochemistryadvance,theirinteraction
exemplifiessuchapattern.Researchersincell
necessarilyleadstoasynthesisoftheir
biologyfoundmountingevidenceofanintricatecell
approaches.
architecture.Theyalsodeducedthemysterious
(D) Cellresearchinthelatenineteenthcentury
(20) choreographyofthechromosomesduringcell
wasplaguedbydisagreementsbetween
division.Manybiochemists,ontheotherhand,
cytologistsandbiochemists.
remainedskepticaloftheideathatsomuchstructure
(E) Inthelatenineteenthcentury,cytologistsand
existed,arguingthatthechemicalreactionsthat
biochemistsmademanyvaluablediscoveries
occurincytologicalpreparationsmightcreatethe
thatadvancedscientificunderstandingofthe
(25) appearanceofsuchstructures.Also,theystoodapart
cell.
fromthedebatethenragingoverwhether
protoplasm,thecomplexoflivingmaterialwithina
10. Thepassagestatesthatinthelatenineteenthcentury
cell,ishomogeneous,network-like,granular,or
cytologistsdeducedthe
foamlike.Theirinterestlayinthemore
(30) “fundamental”issuesofthechemicalnatureof (A) mapsofchromosomes
protoplasm,especiallythenewlyformulatedenzyme (B) chemicalnatureofprotoplasm
theoryoflife. (C) spatialrelationshipofmoleculeswithinthe
Ingeneral,biochemistsjudgedtobe cell
tooignorantofchemistrytograspthebasic (D) roleofenzymesinbiologicalprocesses
(35) processes,whereascytologistsconsideredthe (E) sequenceofthemovementofchromosomes
methodsofbiochemistsinadequatetocharacterize duringcelldivision
thestructuresofthelivingcell.Therenewalof
Mendeliangeneticsand,later,progressin 11. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthelate
chromosomemappingdidlittleatfirsttoeffecta nineteenthcenturythedebateoverthestructural
(40) synthesis. natureofprotoplasm(lines25–29)wasmostlikely
Bothsideswereessentiallycorrect.Biochemistry carriedon
hasmorethanjustifieditsextravagantearlyclaims
(A) amongcytologists
byexplainingsomuchofthecellularmachinery.But
(B) amongbiochemists
inachievingthisfeat(mostlysince1950)ithasbeen
(C) betweencytologistsandbiochemists
(45) partiallytransformedintothenewdisciplineof (D) betweencytologistsandgeneticists
molecularbiology—biochemistrythatdealswith
(E) betweenbiochemistsandgeneticists
spatialarrangementsandmovementsoflarge
molecules.Atthesametimecytologyhas
metamorphosedintomoderncellularbiology.Aided
(50) byelectronmicroscopy,ithasbecomemoresimilar
inlanguageandoutlooktomolecularbiology.The
interactionofadisciplineanditsantidisciplinehas GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
movedbothsciencestowardasynthesis,namely
moleculargenetics.
(55) Thisinteractionbetweenpaireddisciplinescan
haveimportantresults.Inthecaseoflatenineteenth-
centurycellresearch,progresswasfueledby
competitionamongthevariousattitudesandissues
derivedfromcellbiologyandbiochemistry.Joseph
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12. Accordingtothepassage,cytologistsinthelate 15. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutcellsis
nineteenthcenturywerecriticalofthecellresearch mostcompatiblewiththeviewsoflatenineteenth-
ofbiochemistsbecausecytologistsbelievedthat centurybiochemistsasthoseviewsaredescribedin
thepassage?
(A) themethodsofbiochemistrywereinadequate
toaccountforallofthechemicalreactions (A) Thesecretofcellfunctionresidesinthe
thatoccurredincytologicalpreparations structureofthecell.
(B) themethodsofbiochemistrycouldnot (B) Onlybydiscoveringthechemicalcomposition
adequatelydiscoverandexplainthe ofprotoplasmcantheprocessesofthecellbe
structuresoflivingcells understood.
(C) biochemistswerenotinterestedinthenature (C) Scientificknowledgeaboutthechemical
ofprotoplasm compositionofthecellcanhelptoexplain
(D) biochemistswerenotinterestedincelldivision behavioralpatternsinorganisms.
(E) biochemistsweretooignorantofcytologyto (D) Themostimportantissuetoberesolvedwith
understandthebasicprocessesofthecell regardtothecellisdeterminingthephysical
characteristicsofprotoplasm.
13. TheauthorquotesFruton(lines62–64)primarilyin (E) Themethodsofchemistrymustbe
orderto supplementedbeforeafullaccountofthe
cell’sstructurescanbemade.
(A) restatetheauthor’sownconclusions
(B) providenewevidenceabouttherelationshipof
16. Whichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesthe
cytologytobiochemistry
organizationofthematerialpresentedinthe
(C) summarizethepositionofthebiochemists
passage?
describedinthepassage
(D) illustratethedifficultiesencounteredinthe (A) Anaccountofaprocessisgiven,andthenthe
synthesisofdisciplines reasonforitsoccurrenceisstated.
(E) emphasizetheascendancyofthetheoriesof (B) Asetofexamplesisprovided,andthena
biochemistsoverthoseofcytologists conclusionisdrawnfromthem.
(C) Ageneralpropositionisstated,andthenan
14. Whichoneofthefollowinginferencesaboutwhen exampleisgiven.
theenzymetheoryoflifewasformulatedcanbe (D) Astatementofprinciplesismade,andthena
drawnfromthepassage? rationaleforthemisdebated.
(E) Aproblemisanalyzed,andthenapossible
(A) Thetheorywasformulatedbeforethe
solutionisdiscussed.
appearanceofmolecularbiology.
(B) Thetheorywasformulatedbeforetheinitial
discoveryofcellarchitecture.
(C) Thetheorywasformulatedafterthe
GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.
completionofchromosomemapping.
(D) Thetheorywasformulatedafterasynthesisof
theideasofcytologistsandbiochemistshad
occurred.
(E) Thetheorywasformulatedatthesametimeas
thebeginningofthedebateoverthenatureof
protoplasm.
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There are two major systems of criminal 17. It can be inferred from the passage that the crucial
procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and factor in a trial under the adversarial system is
the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically
(A) rules of legality
preceded by the system of private vengeance in which
(B) dramatic reenactment of the crime
(5) the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and
(C) the search for relevant facts
administered it privately, either personally or
(D) the victim’s personal pursuit of revenge
throughan agent.
(E) police testimony about the crime
The modern adversarial system is only one
historical step removed from the private vengeance
18. The author sees the judge’s primary role in a trial
(10) system and still retains some of its characteristic
under the inquisitorial system as that of
features. For example, even though the right to
initiate legal action against a criminal has now been (A) passive observer
extended to all members of society (as represented by (B) biased referee
the office of the public prosecutor), and even though (C) uninvolved administrator
(15) the police department has effectively assumed the (D) aggressive investigator
pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the (E) involved manager
prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the
defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial 19. According to the passage, a central distinction
investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between the system of private vengeance and the two
(20) between two adversaries, presided over by a judge modern criminal procedure systems was the shift in
who, at the start, has no knowledge of the responsibility for initiating legal action against a
investigative background of the case. In the final criminal from the
analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure
(A) defendant to the courts
symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat.
(B) victim to society
(25) By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins (C) defendant to the prosecutor
historically where the adversarial system stopped its
(D) courts to a law enforcement agency
development. It is two historical steps removed from
(E) victim to the judge
the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint
of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior
(30) to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial
system, the public prosecutor has the duty to
investigate not just on behalf of society but also on
behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only
(35) evidence that would convict the defendant, but also
evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence.
The system mandates that both parties permit full
pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession.
Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial
(40) less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that
the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take
an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role
that is both directive and protective.
Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial
(45) system. This system operates on the philosophical
premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is
the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the
adversarial system), and the goal of the entire
procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the
(50) court, the commission of the alleged crime.
Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness
in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be
concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who
isinnocent would prefer to be tried under the
(55) inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is
guiltywould prefer to be tried under the adversarial
system.
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20. Allofthefollowingarecharacteristicsofthe 21. Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinquisitorialsystem
inquisitorialsystemthattheauthorcitesEXCEPT: canbestbedescribedas
(A) Itisbasedoncooperationratherthanconflict. (A) doubtfulthatitsjudgescanbebothdirective
(B) Itencouragesfulldisclosureofevidence. andprotective
(C) Itrequiresthatthejudgeplayanactiverolein (B) satisfiedthatithaspotentialforuncovering
theconductofthetrial. therelevantfactsinacase
(D) Itplacesthedefendantinchargeofhisorher (C) optimisticthatitwillreplacetheadversarial
defense. system
(E) Itfavorstheinnocent. (D) waryaboutitsdownplayingoflegalrules
(E) criticalofitscloserelationshipwiththeprivate
vengeancesystem
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Outside the medical profession, there are various Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act
efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only because it is not a silent and private act, but an
widespread malpractice litigation and massive (60) articulated and public one; because it promises
governmental regulation, but also attempts by continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely
(5) consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a announces a present preference or a way to a
trade rather than as a profession, and the physician livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some
asmerely a technician for hire under contract. Why high good that insists on devotion; because it is
should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) (65) difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s
resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a character and heart, not merely one’s mind and
(10) new meaning? We can gain some illumination from hands.
etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-
Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has 22. According to the author, which one of the following
cometo mean derivatively a habitual occupation and is required in order that one be a professional?
has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the
(A) significant prestige and a title
(15) other hand, while “profession” today also entails a
(B) “know-how” in a particular field
habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to
(C) a long and difficult educational endeavor
anact of selfconscious and public—even
(D) a commitment to political justice
confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the
(E) a public confession of devotion to a way of life
meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to
(20) announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity
23. Which one of the following best expresses the main
oroccupation to which its practitioner publicly
point made by the author in the passage?
professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public
announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring (A) Medicine is defined as a profession because of
devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn the etymology of the word “profession.”
(25) these trades into professions. (B) It is a mistake to pay special honor to the
Some believe that learning and knowledge are the knowledge and skills of physicians.
diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably (C) The work of physicians is under attack only
linked to the medieval university, the term because it is widely misunderstood.
“profession”has been applied to the so-called (D) The correct reason that physicians are
(30) learnedprofessions—medicine, law, and professionals is that their work involves
theology—thepractices of which are founded upon public commitment to a high good.
inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “know- (E) Physicians have been encouraged to think of
how.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of themselves as technicians and need to
knowledge that makes one a professional. The reorient themselves toward ethical concerns.
(35) knowledge involved makes the profession one of the
learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted 24. The question posed by the author in lines 7–10 of the
insomething else. passage introduces which one of the following?
Some mistakenly seek to locate that something
(A) the author’s belief that it is futile to resist the
else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals
trend toward defining the physician’s work as
(40) by society, evidenced in their special titles and the a trade
special deference and privileges they receive. But
(B) the author’s dislike of governmental regulation
externalities do not constitute medicine a profession.
and consumer advocacy
Physicians are not professionals because they are
(C) the author’s inquiry into the nature of the
honored; rather, they are honored because of their
practice of medicine
(45) profession. Their titles and the respect they are (D) the author’s suggestions for rallying sensible
shownsuperficially signify and acknowledge
people to a concentrated defense of
something deeper, that physicians are persons of
physicians
theprofessional sort, knowingly and freely devoting
(E) the author’s fascination with the origins of
themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion.
words
(50) Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying
injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just
as teachers devote themselves to the education of the
young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so
physiciansheal the sick, looking up to health and
(55) wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
our moral nature and in that which warrants and
impels making a public confession to a way of life.
