Localization in Clinical Neurology

2693 Pages·2016·202.17 MB·English

by  Paul Brazis

Table of Contents
1. Localization in Clinical Neurology
1. Cover
2. Title Page
3. Copyright Information
4. Dedication
5. Preface
2. Chapter 1: General Principles of Neurologic Localization
1. Introduction
2. A Brief History of Localization: Aphasia as an Example
1. Figure 1-1
3. Clinical Diagnosis and Lesion Localization
4. Localization of Lesions of the Motor System
1. Anatomy of the Motor System
2. Motor Signs and Symptoms and Their Localization
3. Figure 1-2
4. Table 1-1: Medical Research Council’s Scale for Assessment of Muscle Power
5. The Localization of Sensory Abnormalities
1. Anatomy of the Sensory System
2. Sensory Signs and Symptoms and Their Localization
3. Figure 1-3
4. Figure 1-4
5. Table 1-2: The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Somatosensory Pathways
6. Localization of Postural and Gait Disorders
1. Neural Structures Controlling Posture and Gait
1. Examination of Gait and Balance
2. Sensory and Lower Motor Gait Disorders
3. Simpler Gait Disorders of Central Origin
4. Complex Gait Disorders of Central Origin
5. Disequilibrium with Automatic Pilot Disorder
7. References
3. Chapter 2: Peripheral Nerves
1. Principal Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Nerve Disease
1. Sensory Disturbances
2. Motor Disturbances
3. Disturbances of Muscle Stretch Reflexes
4. Vasomotor, Sudomotor, and Trophic Disturbances
2. Mononeuropathy Multiplex
3. Polyneuropathy
4. Lesions of Individual Nerves
1. Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4–C5)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
2. Subclavian Nerve (C5–C6)
3. Long Thoracic Nerve (C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
4. Suprascapular Nerve (C5–C6)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
5. Subscapular Nerves (C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
6. Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6–C8)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
7. Anterior Thoracic Nerves (C5–T1)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
8. Axillary Nerve (C5–C6)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
9. Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5–C7)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
10. Median Nerve (C6–T1)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
11. Ulnar Nerve (C7–T1)
1. Anatomy
12. Nerve Lesions
13. Radial Nerve (C5–C8)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
14. Medial Cutaneous Nerves of the Arm and Forearm (C8–T1)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
15. Intercostobrachial Nerve (T2)
16. Iliohypogastric (T12–L1), Ilioinguinal (L1), and Genitofemoral (L1–L2) Nerves
1. Anatomy and Nerve Lesions
17. Femoral Nerve (L2–L4)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
18. Obturator Nerve (L2–L4)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
19. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (L2–L3)
1. Anatomy
2. Nerve Lesions
20. Gluteal Nerves (L4–S2)
1. Anatomy and Nerve Lesions
21. Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve (S1–S3)
1. Anatomy and Nerve Lesions
22. Pudendal Nerve (S1–S4)
1. Anatomy and Nerve Lesions
23. Sciatic Nerve (L4–S3) and Its Branches
1. Sciatic Nerve Proper
2. Tibial Nerve
3. Common Peroneal Nerve
4. Nerve Lesions
24. Figure 2-1
25. Figure 2-2
26. Figure 2-3
27. Figure 2-4
28. Figure 2-5
29. Figure 2-6
30. Figure 2-7
31. Figure 2-8
32. Figure 2-9
33. Figure 2-10
34. Figure 2-11
35. Figure 2-12
36. Figure 2-13
37. Figure 2-14
38. Table 2-1: Main Entrapment Neuropathies of the Upper Limbs
39. Table 2-2: Main Entrapment Neuropathies of the Lower Limbs
5. References
4. Chapter 3: Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbosacral Plexuses
1. Chapter 3 Introduction
2. The Cervical Plexus
1. Anatomy
2. Lesions of the Cervical Plexus
3. Figure 3-1
4. Figure 3-2
3. The Brachial Plexus
1. Anatomy
1. Branches Originating from the Spinal Roots
2. Branch Originating from the Trunk of the Brachial Plexus
3. Branch Originating from the Divisions of the Brachial Plexus
4. Branches Originating from the Cords of the Brachial Plexus
2. Lesions of the Brachial Plexus
3. Neuralgic Amyotrophy
4. Total Plexus Paralysis
5. Upper Plexus Paralysis (Erb–Duchenne Type)
6. Middle Plexus Paralysis
7. Lower Plexus Paralysis (Déjerine-Klumpke Type)
8. Lesions of the Cords of the Brachial Plexus
1. Lesions of the Lateral Cord
2. Lesions of the Medial Cord
3. Lesions of the Posterior Cord
9. Brachial Mononeuropathies
10. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Cervicobrachial Neurovascular Compression Syndrome)
1. Vascular Signs and Symptoms
2. Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms
11. Figure 3-3
4. The Lumbosacral Plexus
1. Anatomy
2. Lesions of the Lumbosacral Plexus
3. Lesions of the Entire Lumbosacral Plexus
4. Lesions of the Lumbar Segments
5. Lesions of the Sacral Plexus
6. Figure 3-4
5. References
5. Chapter 4: Spinal Nerve and Root
1. Anatomy of the Spinal Nerves and Roots
1. Figure 4-1
2. Principles of Spinal Nerve and Root Localization
1. Sensory Symptoms
2. Motor Signs
3. Reflex Signs
4. Figure 4-2
3. Etiologies of Spinal Nerve and Root Lesions
1. Table 4-1: Neurologic Signs and Symptoms with Nerve Root Irritation or Damage from
Disc Disease
4. The Localization of Nerve Root Syndromes
1. Lesions Affecting the Cervical Roots
1. Lesions Affecting C1
2. Lesions Affecting C2
3. Lesions Affecting C3
4. Lesions Affecting C4
5. Lesions Affecting C5
6. Lesions Affecting C6
7. Lesions Affecting C7
8. Lesions Affecting C8
2. Lesions Affecting the Thoracic Roots
1. Lesions Affecting T1
2. Lesions Affecting Segments T2–T12
3. Lesions of the Lumbar and Sacral Roots
1. Lesions Affecting L1
2. Lesions Affecting L2
3. Lesions Affecting L3
4. Lesions Affecting L4
5. Lesions Affecting L5
6. Lesions Affecting S1
7. Lesions Affecting S2–S5
5. The Localization of Lumbosacral Disc Disease
1. Figure 4-3
2. Table 4-2: Differential of Neurogenic from Vascular Claudication
6. References
6. Chapter 5: Spinal Cord
1. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
1. Gross Anatomy and Relationship to Vertebral Levels
2. Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
1. Lamina
3. Major Ascending and Descending Tracts of the Spinal Cord
1. Ascending Tracts
2. Descending Tracts
4. Corticospinal Tract
5. Corticorubrospinal Tract
6. Lateral Reticulospinal Tract
7. Vestibulospinal Tract
8. Medial Reticulospinal Tract
9. Arterial Supply to the Spinal Cord
1. Extraspinal System (Extramedullary Arteries)
2. Intraspinal System (Intramedullary Arteries)
10. Figure 5-1
11. Figure 5-2
2. Venous Drainage of the Spinal Cord
3. Physiology of the Spinal Cord Circulation
4. Lesions of the Spinal Cord
1. Complete Spinal Cord Transection (Transverse Myelopathy)
1. Sensory Disturbances
2. Motor Disturbances
3. Autonomic Disturbances
4. Hemisection of the Spinal Cord (Brown-Séquard Syndrome)
2. Lesions Affecting the Spinal Cord Centrally
3. Posterolateral Column Disease
4. Posterior Column Disease
5. Anterior Horn Cell Syndromes
6. Combined Anterior Horn Cell and Pyramidal Tract Disease
7. Figure 5-3
8. Table 5-1: Transverse Myelopathy
9. Table 5-2: Brown-Séquard Syndrome
10. Table 5-3: Central Spinal Cord Syndrome
11. Table 5-4: Posterolateral Column Syndrome
12. Table 5-5: Posterior Column Syndrome
13. Table 5-6: Anterior Horn Cell Syndromes
14. Table 5-7: Combined Anterior Horn Cell and Pyramidal Tract Syndromes
5. Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Canal
1. Arterial Spinal Cord Infarction
2. Venous Spinal Cord Infarction
3. Vascular Malformations of the Spinal Cord
4. Hemorrhages Affecting the Spinal Canal
5. Extramedullary Cord Lesions and Their Differentiation from Intramedullary Cord
Lesions
1. Pain
2. Disturbances of Motor Function
3. Sensory Disturbances
4. Disturbances of Sphincter Function
5. Autonomic Manifestations
6. Table 5-8: Clinical Manifestations of Spinal Cord Ischemia
7. Table 5-9: Causes of Arterial Spinal Cord Infarction
8. Table 5-10: Causes of Venous Spinal Cord Infarction
9. Table 5-11: Clinical Guidelines to Differentiate Intramedullary and Extramedullary
Tumors
6. Localization of Spinal Cord Lesions at Different Levels
1. Foramen Magnum Syndrome and Lesions of the Upper Cervical Cord
2. Lesions of the Fifth and Sixth Cervical Segments
3. Lesions of the Seventh Cervical Segment
4. Lesions of the Eighth Cervical and First Thoracic Segments
5. Lesions of the Thoracic Segments
6. Lesions of the First Lumbar Segment
7. Lesions of the Second Lumbar Segment
8. Lesions of the Third Lumbar Segment
9. Lesions of the Fourth Lumbar Segment
10. Lesions of the Fifth Lumbar Segment
11. Lesions of the First and Second Sacral Segments
12. Conus Medullaris Lesions
13. Cauda Equina Lesions
14. Neurogenic Bladder with Spinal Cord Lesions
15. Sexual Function
16. Fecal Incontinence
17. Figure 5-4
18. Table 5-12: Myelopathies
19. Figure 5-5
20. Figure 5-6
7. References
7. Chapter 6: Cranial Nerve I (The Olfactory Nerve)
1. Anatomy of the Olfactory Pathways
1. Figure 6-1