Table Of ContentLOBBYING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
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Lobbying in the
European Union
Interest Groups, Lobbying Coalitions,
and Policy Change
HEIKE KLÜVER
1
3
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Preface
Why can some interest groups influence policy-making in the European
Union while others cannot? I remember well when, for the first time, I
asked myself the question that this book seeks to answer. I was an exchange
student at the Sciences Po in Grenoble and was taking a class called Interest
Groups in the European Union, taught by Sabine Saurugger. We were
talkingabouttheclassicaltheoriesofinterestrepresentation,interestgroups’
lobbying strategies, and the population of interest groups that lobby the
Europeaninstitutions.AlthoughIwaspassionateaboutinterestgrouppolitics,
I was always wondering to what extent interest groups actually influence
policy-making outcomes. Given that influence is usually the first thing that
peoplethinkaboutwhenyouaskthemaboutinterestgroupsandconsidering
theimportantnormativeimplicationsoflobbying,Iwassurprisedtoseevery
littleresearchonthistopic.Therefore,whenstartingmyPhD,Ididnothave
to look for a research question for very long. Interest group influence in the
European Union quickly became the research agenda that I pursued for the
next five years and this book brings together the findings of that academic
endeavor.
This book would have not been possible without the help, support, and
inspiration of many colleagues and friends. First and foremost, I am deeply
gratefultomysupervisor,BertholdRittberger,forhisencouragement,advice,
andguidanceduringmyPhDandbeyond.Hehasbeenanexcellentsupervisor
who has given me enough space to independently develop my own research
project,butwhohasprovidedguidancewheneverneededandinspiredmeto
becomeabetterpoliticalscientist.Withouthisencouragingwords,academic
guidance, and personal counsel I would have not been able to write this
book. He made me believe in my qualities as a researcher and encouraged
me to pursue an academic career. I will always be grateful for his invaluable
support.
Similarly, I would like to thank my co-supervisor, Sabine Saurugger, who
has supported me ever since my Erasmus stay in Grenoble. Her course on
Interest Groups in the European Union inspired me to investigate this topic
later on in my Master’s and PhD thesis. Her valuable comments, criticism,
andsuggestionshaveplayedanintegralpartinthewritingofthisbook,andI
amverygratefulforhercontinuoussupportoverthepastyears.Mygratitude
also goes to Thomas Gschwend, who has provided indispensable advice on
methodologicalquestions.Healwayshadanopendoorformeandhiscounsel
hassignificantlyimprovedthequalityofthisbook.
viii Preface
Whenwritingthisbook,Ihavebenefitedfromtheexcellentandstimulating
research environment at the University of Mannheim. The exchange with
colleagues from the Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences, the
Mannheim Centre for European Social Research and the School of Social
Sciencesprovidedmewithimportantinsightsandinspirationsformywork.
This book would not have been the same without the excellent feedback
and encouragement from my friends and colleagues who have repeatedly
commentedonmyworkandwhomademytimeinMannheimanintellectually
stimulating and enjoyable experience. In particular, I would like to thank
Doreen Allerkamp, Christian Arnold, Hanna Bäck, Patrick Bayer, Simona
Bevern, Thomas Bräuninger, Tanja Dannwolf, Lisa Dellmuth, Thorsten Faas,
Nathalie Giger, Iris Glockner, Gesine Götze, Stefan Götze, Marcelo Jenny,
SebastianKöhler,BeateKohler,ThomasMeyer,SusanneMichalik,Sven-Oliver
Proksch, Christine Quittkat, Ellen Schneider, Stefan Seidendorf, Daniel
Stegmülller,MichaelStoffel,BettinaTrüb,andArndtWonka.Aboveall,Iam
gratefultoGemaGarcíaAlbaceteandOshratHochmanfortheirintellectual
supportandinvaluablefriendshipthroughouttheentirePhDprogram.
I extended this research project into a book manuscript during my
Postdoctoral Fellowship at Nuffield College at the University of Oxford.
Nuffield College provided an outstanding and intellectually stimulating
environment for the challenging task of converting my thesis into a book
manuscript. I am grateful to my colleagues and friends for the fruitful
discussions,thesupport,andthegreattimeIhavehadthroughoutmypostdoc
years.Mostimportantly,IwouldliketothankEliasDinas,TheresaKuhn,Eline
de Rooij, Iñaki Sagarzazu, Daniel Stegmüller, and Adam Ziegfeld for their
helpful comments and suggestions. Raymond Duch and Sara Binzer Hobolt
havealsoprovidedvaluableadviceandguidancethroughoutmyPostdoctoral
Fellowship.
In addition, I have benefited enormously from the Graduate School of
Economic and Social Sciences and the Excellence Initiative of the German
Science Foundation that provided an exceptional academic environment,
generousfinancialsupport,andanexcellentinfrastructureforthecompletion
ofmythesis.Iamfurthermoregratefulforfinancialsupportprovidedbythe
German Academic Exchange Service and the State of Baden-Württemberg.
My Postdoctoral Fellowship was generously funded by the Volkswagen
Foundation through the Anglo-German State of the State Program. This
fellowship program has been coordinated by the University of Oxford, the
UniversityofBremen,andtheUniversityofGöttingenandIamverygrateful
forthisoutstandingopportunity.
Audiences at several workshops and conferences have provided valuable
comments,criticism,andsuggestionsthathavehelpedtoimprovethisbook.
In particular, I would like to thank Frank Baumgartner, David Coen, David
Lowery, and Christine Mahoney for their excellent comments on my work.
Preface ix
Inaddition,IamindebtedtoChristineMahoneyforhostingmeasavisiting
research fellow at the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at
Syracuse University. Additionally, I am grateful to all the interest group
representativeswhotookthetimetoparticipateinthesurveyconductedfor
this study. Without their participation, this research project could not have
beenrealized.
IwouldliketothankDominicByattandhiscolleaguesatOxfordUniversity
Press who have worked with me on this book as well as the five anonymous
reviewersfortheirinsightfulandencouragingremarks.Chapter3constitutes
arevisedandmuchextendedversionof“MeasuringInterestGroupInfluence
Using Quantitative Text Analysis” which was published in European Union
Politics 10(4) 2009. Chapter 2 partly draws on ideas developed in “Lobbying
as a Collective Enterprise: Winners and Losers of Policy Formulation in the
EuropeanUnion,”JournalofEuropeanPublicPolicy20(1)2013.Ithankboth
journals as well as Sage and Taylor & Francis for allowing me to use that
materialinthisbook.
Finally,Iameternallygratefulforthelovingsupportofmyparents,Renate
and Otto Klüver, who have always believed in me and are always there for
mewhenIneedthem.Aboveall,IthankFrederikAdriaenssensforhislove,
encouragement,andenduringpatience.Withouthissupportthroughoutthe
upsanddownsofthisacademicendeavor,thisbookwouldnothavebeenthe
same.Withgratitude,Idedicatethisbooktohim.
HeikeKlüver
Oxford,May2012
