Table Of ContentAdvances in Geographical and Environmental Sciences
R.B. Singh
Reija Hietala Editors
Livelihood Security
in Northwestern
Himalaya
Case Studies from Changing
Socio-economic Environments in
Himachal Pradesh, India
Advances in Geographical
and Environmental Sciences
SeriesEditor
Dr.R.B.Singh
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R.B. Singh • Reija Hietala
Editors
Livelihood Security
in Northwestern Himalaya
Case Studies from Changing Socio-economic
Environments in Himachal Pradesh, India
Editors
R.B.Singh ReijaHietala
UniversityofDelhi UniversityofTurku
Delhi,India Turku,Finland
ISSN2198-3542 ISSN2198-3550(electronic)
ISBN978-4-431-54867-6 ISBN978-4-431-54868-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54868-3
SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014935233
©SpringerJapan2014
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Preface
ItwasOctober2010whenourresearchplanfortheprojectproposalon“Livelihood
security in a changing socio-economic environment in Himachal Pradesh, India”
was submitted to the Academy of Finland, the Research Council for Culture and
Society.Wesupposedthattheevaluationreportsofthescientificpanelgroupsfrom
the Academy of Finland would be received by the following spring, in 2011.
Alreadyin2009thefeasibilitystudyhadbeensurveyedduringthe1-yearprelim-
inaryresearchphase.Atthattime,weconductedthepilotstudy,definedthetarget
areas,andfurtherdevelopedourcollaborationbetweentheUniversityofTurkuand
theco-partnerinstitutes,especiallywiththeUniversityofDelhi.
Therefore, it was a great pleasure to hear that our research plan had been
approved by the Academy of Finland. This was in May 2011. The actual project
wasreadytostartinSeptember2011.Wefocusedourresearchontherootsofthe
Himalayan region: the state of Himachal Pradesh. Successful cooperation began
with the University of Shimla and the Government Post-Graduate College,
Chamba.
Through this research project, we have discovered factors in how livelihood
security is going to be achieved in fast-growing and changing mountainous
environments. Primarily, we integrated land cover and non-farming sector data
as a common context to link interviews, field observations, and community
participation.
Themainoutcomesoftheresearchtasksarenowpublishedinthisbook,taking
caretoseethattheresultsandthesecollectedexperiencesaredisseminatedfurther.
The findings of the research deal with the broader objectives of the changing
patterns of agricultural production with special reference to diversification, as
wellastoforest-basedlivelihoodoutcomes,CleanDevelopmentMechanismforest
project activities, the roles of different ethnicgroups andnon-governmental orga-
nizations, and the benefits and shortcomings of tourism as livelihood sources.
Conducting research together has also been a time for building capacity for the
researchersandteachersinthepartneruniversitiesandcolleges.
v
vi Preface
We gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Academy of Finland
andtheMinistryforForeignAffairsofFinlandfortheproject(SA251358)andthe
variousofficialsofthepartnerinstitutionsforprovidingnecessaryassistance.
Delhi,India R.B.Singh
Turku,Finland ReijaHietala
December14,2013
Contents
1 Introduction:LivelihoodSecurityinChangingSocio-Economic
EnvironmentinHimachalPradesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
R.B.Singh,RistoKalliola,andReijaHietala
PartI RolesofAgricultureintheContext
ofChangingEnvironment
2 GeographicandSocio-EconomicRealities
ofHimachalPradesh,NorthwesternHimalaya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
R.B.SinghandPankajKumar
3 ClimateChange,GlacierLakes,andLivelihoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
PankajKumarandR.B.Singh
4 LandUseandCoverChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
SurajMalandR.B.Singh
5 Human-InducedBiomeandLivelihoodSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
R.B.SinghandSwarnimaSingh
6 DynamicsofAgriculturalProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
B.R.Thakur,D.D.Sharma,andPrinceMohan
7 ShiftingfromTraditionalFoodCroppingtoCashCropping. . . . . 83
MohinderKumarSlariya
PartII PromotingLivelihoodSecurityinCommunity
ThroughForestryActivities
8 AgricultureandForestryBasedLivelihood
CapitalAssessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
R.B.SinghandSandeepJha
vii
viii Contents
9 TheChallengesofReforestingtheHimalayasThrough
theCleanDevelopmentMechanism:Perspectivesfrom
RuralVillages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
ToniHaapanen
10 ParticipationinaCDMAfforestation/ReforestationProject
inHimachalPradesh:SuccessStoriesandShortcomings. . . . . . . . 123
TikliLoivaranta
11 EcosystemServicesinChangingEnvironment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
R.B.Singh,AjayKumar,andRanjeetKumar
PartIII LivelihoodSecurityofDifferentEthnicGroups,
RolesoftheNGOsandTourism
12 On-MigrationAspirationsandLivelihoodAmong
TibetanNewcomers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
RebeccaFrilund
13 IndianNGOsandTheirRoleofNetworking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
NooraSalmela
14 TourismandSolidWasteManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
SubhashAnandandAnjuSingh
15 RuralNon-farmandTourismBasedLivelihoodOptions. . . . . . . . 203
R.B.SinghandNitu
16 LivelihoodSpaceofanIndigenousIndianTribe:Gaddi
CommunityandItsLivelihoodStrategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
JohannaHa¨nninen
17 SmallHydroPowerProjectsandCommunityParticipation. . . . . . 239
S.C.RaiandAnkurSrivastava
18 LivelihoodSecurityinChangingSocio-Economic
Environment:SummaryandPolicyRecommendations. . . . . . . . . 249
ReijaHietalaandR.B.Singh
Chapter 1
Introduction: Livelihood Security
in Changing Socio-Economic
Environment in Himachal Pradesh
R.B.Singh,RistoKalliola,andReijaHietala
Abstract Livelihood security refers to the means of living necessary for human
lifebothatthelocallevelandinrelationtotherestoftheworld.IntheHimachal
Pradesh region in India, the issues that are relevant in this context range from
nutrition and agricultural production to the vigour of various types of ecosystem
services.Thisbookisbasedona3yearslongresearchproject,andaddressessome
primary aspects of livelihoods; i.e., land use practices among different natural
resources, food production, income distribution, and community participation in
the selected areas of the study region. The research mainly focuses on three
principalthemes:therolesofthechangingagriculturalproduction,theimpactsof
tree plantations, and the socio-economic impacts of tourism and other external
actors(particularlyNGOs)inthemanagementofachievinglivelihoodsecurity.
Keywords Agro-ecosystems (cid:129) Ecosystem services (cid:129) Ethnic groups (cid:129) Livelihood
security(cid:129)Tourism(cid:129)Treeplantation
1.1 The Issues: Global and Regional Contexts
of Livelihood Security
Humanlifeandsocietalwelfaredependonanumberofcircumstantialconditions,
bothlocalandthoseofthesurroundingareas.Formostpeople,theprimarysetting
ofeverydaylifeisthehouseholdthatisformedbyagroupofindividualsthatreside
together, and usually also share their daily meals together. Such small human
R.B.Singh(*)
DepartmentofGeography,DelhiSchoolofEconomics,UniversityofDelhi,
Delhi110007,India
e-mail:[email protected]
R.Kalliola(cid:129)R.Hietala
DepartmentofGeographyandGeology,UniversityofTurku,Turku20014,Finland
R.B.SinghandR.Hietala(eds.),LivelihoodSecurityinNorthwesternHimalaya, 1
AdvancesinGeographicalandEnvironmentalSciences,
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54868-3_1,©SpringerJapan2014
