Light at the end of the shower: An all-flavour neutrino point-source search with the ANTA

143 Pages·2017·8.69 MB·English

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
Light at the end of the shower: An all-flavour neutrino point-source search with
the ANTARES neutrino telescope
Michael, T.
Publication date
2016
Document Version
Final published version
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Michael, T. (2016). Light at the end of the shower: An all-flavour neutrino point-source search
with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam].
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Download date:06 Feb 2023
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Tino Michael
Light at the End of the Shower
An all-flavour Neutrino Point-Source Search
with the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope

Light at the End of the Shower
An all-flavour Neutrino Point-Source Search
with the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT
terverkrijgingvandegraadvandoctor
aandeUniversiteitvanAmsterdam
opgezagvandeRectorMagnificus
prof. dr. D.C.vandenBoom
tenoverstaanvaneendoorhetCollege
voorPromotiesingesteldecommissie,
inhetopenbaarteverdedigenindeAgnietenkapel
opvrijdag13mei2016,te10:00uur
door
Tino Michael
geborenteCottbus,Duitsland
Promotiecommissie
Promotor: prof. dr. P.M.Kooijman UniversiteitvanAmsterdam
Copromotor: dr. A.J.Heijboer Nikhef
Overigeleden: prof. dr. ir. E.N.Koffeman UniversiteitvanAmsterdam
dr. R.Bruijn UniversiteitvanAmsterdam
prof. dr. F.L.Linde UniversiteitvanAmsterdam
prof. dr. ir. P.J.deJong UniversiteitvanAmsterdam
dr. D.F.E.Samtleben UniversiteitLeiden
prof. dr. ing. B.vanEijk UniversiteitTwente
dr. C.Finley StockholmUniversity
FaculteitderNatuurwetenschappen,WiskundeenInformatica
TinoMichael2016,CC-BY-SA
LightattheEndoftheShower
SetinLatexusingLinuxLibertine
CoverImage:
Toulonbeachduringsunsettaken2013bytheauthorduringanon-siteshift.
TheworkdescribedinthisthesisispartoftheresearchprogramoftheSticht-
ingvoorFundamenteelonderzoekderMaterie(FOM),whichispartoftheNed-
erlandseorganisatievoorWetenschappelijkOnderzoek (NWO).
Theresearchwasfundedbythevidiproject“ExploringtheCosmoswithNeu-
trinos”grantedtoA.J.HeijboerandwascarriedoutattheNationaalInstituut
voorSubatomaireFysica(Nikhef)inAmsterdam,theNetherlands.
Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 NeutrinoAstronomy 5
2.1 NeutrinosandtheStandardModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 CosmicRays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 CosmicParticleAcceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 GalacticAccelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.3 ExtragalacticAccelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.4 TheGZK-Cutoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 NeutrinoProductionatAstrophysicalAccelerationSites . . . 11
2.3.1 NeutrinoOscillationanditsImplications . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 TheIceCubeSignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 TheANTARESExperiment 17
3.1 DetectionPrinciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1 NeutrinoInteractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1.2 CherenkovRadiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2 TheANTARESDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1 DetectorLayout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.2 DataAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.3 Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.4 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.5 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.6 Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.1 EventGeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3.2 PhotonTracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.3 DetectorResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.4 MuonTrackReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 OutlookonKM3NeT 39
4.1 TheKM3NeTNeutrinoObservatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
i
4.2 ThePPM-DOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.1 FirstDeep-SeaRuns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.2.2 AtmosphericMuons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5 AShowerReconstructionforANTARES 51
5.1 ShowerEventTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.2 PositionReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 DirectionReconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.1 TheSignalTerm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.2 Thenon-hitTerm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.3 TheBackgroundTerm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.3.4 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.3.5 ErrorEstimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.4 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4.1 Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.4.2 Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.3 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.4.4 AngularResolutionmeasuredinData . . . . . . . . . 63
6 EventSelection 67
6.1 RunSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 SelectionofMuonTracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3 SelectionofShowerEvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.4 Data/MonteCarloComparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7 Point-SourceSearch 77
7.1 Likelihood-Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2 SearchMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.1 Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.2 PointSpreadFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.2.3 BackgroundRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2.4 NumberofselectedHits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
7.2.5 ImplementationoftheLikelihoodFunction . . . . . . 83
7.3 PseudoExperiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.3.1 AbsolutePointingAccuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3.2 AngularResolutionUncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3.3 AcceptanceUncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.3.4 BackgroundUncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.4 DiscoveryPotentialandSensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.4.1 FullSkySearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
ii
7.4.2 CandidateListSearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.4.3 SearcharoundtheGalacticCentre . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8 Results 93
8.1 FullSkySearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 CandidateList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.3 TheGalacticCentre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Summary 107
Samenvatting 113
Zusammenfassung 119
Acknowledgements 125
iii