Table Of ContentLEFT-OF-CENTRE PARTIES AND TRADE UNIONS
IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Left-of-Centre Parties
and Trade Unions in the
Twenty-First Century
Editedby
ELIN HAUGSGJERD ALLERN
and
TIM BALE
1
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,24/1/2017,SPi
3
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Acknowledgements
We have shared a fascination with the relationships between political parties
andinterestgroupsindemocraciesforadecade.Thefirstfruitofourcollab-
orationwasaworkshopattheECPRJointSessionsinLisbonin2009,which
led to a special issue of the journal, Party Politics. The specific idea for the
projectonwhichthisbookisbasedfirstoccurredtousinthespringof2011,
during a series of conversations at the University of Sussex where one of us
was then teaching and the other had come as a visiting fellow in order to
developa joint researchproposalonparties andinterest groups.Wedecided
that looking at left-of-centre parties and trade unions—long one of the best-
known, politically most important, and most talked-about relationships—
would be a great first stage in such a project, the second stage of which is
ongoing as we write. That decision led to us rounding up a posse of country
experts drawn from scholarsspecializing eitherin parties or in tradeunions/
interestgroups,orinsomecasesboth.
Since then, and through the course of what has been a complex and
challenging projectto pulltogether,wefeel wehave gotto knowallof them.
Clearly this volume could never have materialized without their expertise,
theircommitment,andtheirbeingpreparedtoputupwithourdemands!We
would like to thank them all—and, no doubt, the colleagues, friends, and
families who stand behind them, as well as the people in parties and trade
unionsallaroundtheworldwhoagreedtofillintheirquestionnairesandmeet
themforinterviews.Socialsciencereliesonthecooperationofthoseitstudies
in order to come up with accurate and, we hope, interesting findings, so we
appreciatethathelpimmensely.
Wealsoappreciateallthehardworkoftheeditorialandproductionteams
at Oxford University Press, especially Dominic Byatt, who helped us enor-
mouslybysecuringsomeveryusefulacademicfeedbackontheinitialproposal
and book manuscript draft. We hope that whathas eventually emerged is all
thebetterforustakingitonboard.Wewouldalsoliketothankcolleaguesfor
the comments on various manuscript drafts received on conferences, work-
shops,andresearchseminarsduringthewritingprocess.
Predictably,butimportantly,wewouldliketothankfriendsandcolleagues
at Queen Mary University of London and at the University of Oslo, which
deservesa special mentionforprovidingthe financial wherewithalneeded to
make all this happen. In April 2014, we were able to invite all of the country
experts to Oslo to discuss the results of the party–union surveys before
completing the datasets and drafting the book chapters. Thanks are also due
vi Acknowledgements
to the European Consortium of Political Research, which funded a very
helpful ECPR Research Session at the European University Institute in Flor-
enceduringtheearlystages.
Anevenmorespecialmentionshouldgototheexcellentresearchassistants
in Oslo who helped us, oftentimes above and beyond the call of duty: Lars
Petter Berg, Eirik Hildal, Maiken Røed, and Torill Stavenes. They have all
provided invaluable assistance, at various stages of the process. Simon Otjes
deserves special thanks for not only co-writing an excellent country chapter
but also for being an invaluable co-author on the methodological and the
cross-nationalchapters.Thescalinganalysisofexistingparty–unionlinkswas
hisideaandturnedouttobeaveryfruitfulwayforward.
Asusual,however,ourbiggestdebtisduetoourrespectivefamiliesfortheir
love, support, andforbearance: we can only imaginehow difficult the pair of
usaretolivewithsometimes!
EHA,UniversityofOslo,andTB,
QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,
September2016
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,24/1/2017,SPi
Contents
ListofFigures ix
ListofTables xiii
ListofContributors xvii
1. TheRelationshipbetweenLeft-of-CentrePartiesandTradeUnions 1
ElinHaugsgjerdAllernandTimBale
2. MappingParty–TradeUnionRelationshipsinContemporary
Democracies 26
ElinHaugsgjerdAllern,TimBale,andSimonOtjes
3. TheAustralianLaborPartyandtheTradeUnions:
‘TilDeathDoUsPart’? 54
PhilLarkinandCharlesLees
4. ADyingEmbrace?InterlockedParty–UnionDirectorates
inAustria’sCartelDemocracy 70
KurtRichardLuther
5. Finland:StrongParty–UnionLinksunderChallenge 93
TapioRaunioandNikoLaine
6. Left-wingPartiesandTradeUnionsinFrance 112
NickParsons
7. GrowingApart?TradeUnionsandCentre-leftParties
inGermany 130
TimSpier
8. PartiesandLabourFederationsinIsrael 149
RonenMandelkernandGideonRahat
9. Left-of-CentrePartiesandTradeUnionsinItaly:FromParty
DominancetoaDialogueoftheDeaf 170
LiborioMattinaandMimmoCarrieri
10. TheLegacyofPillarization:TradeUnionConfederations
andPoliticalPartiesintheNetherlands 186
SimonOtjesandAnneRasmussen
11. TwoBranchesoftheSameTree?Party–UnionLinksinSweden
intheTwenty-FirstCentury 206
JennyJansson
viii Contents
12. StrongTiesbetweenIndependentOrganizations:Unionsand
PoliticalPartiesinSwitzerland 226
RolandErneandSebastianSchief
13. NoPlaceElseToGo:TheLabourPartyandtheTradeUnions
intheUK 246
PaulWebbandTimBale
14. StillSoHappyTogether?TheRelationshipbetweenLabour
UnionsandtheDemocraticParty 264
ChristopherWitko
15. TheRelationshipbetweenLeft-of-CentrePartiesandTrade
UnionsinContemporaryDemocracies 280
ElinHaugsgjerdAllern,TimBale,andSimonOtjes
16. VariationsinParty–UnionRelationships:Explanations
andImplications 310
ElinHaugsgjerdAllern,TimBale,andSimonOtjes
Bibliography 343
Index 369
List of Figures
3.1. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunion
relationships(0–20) 64
3.2. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)
betweenthepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 65
4.1. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 85
4.2. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)
betweenthepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 86
5.1. ShareofSDPandVASMPsin2013/14thatholdorhaveheld
positionsasofficialsorstaffintheconfederationsofunionsatthe
nationallevel 103
5.2. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 104
5.3. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)between
thepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 105
6.1. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 124
6.2. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)between
thepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 125
7.1. ShareofSPDandDieLinkeMPsin2014withunionmembership
orcurrent/formerpositionsasofficialsorstaffintheunionsatthe
nationalorlocallevel 141
7.2. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 143
7.3. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)between
thepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 144
8.1. ShareofLabour,Likud,andMeretzMKsthatholdorhaveheldpositions
asofficialsorstaffintheconfederationsofunionsatthenationallevel 162
8.2. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 163
8.3. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)between
thepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 164
9.1. Totallinkscoresofcentralpartyorganization–tradeunionrelationships
andlegislativeparty–tradeunionrelationships(0–20/0–12) 178
9.2. Ratingofoveralldegreeofcloseness/distance(averagescore)between
thepartyandunionconfederation,lastfiveyears(c.2008–13) 178
