Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity in the Archaic Mediterranean Area

370 Pages·2012·14.56 MB·English

by  Gabriele Cifani

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concept of ethnicity. Contributors examine and contextualise i
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in two perspectives, one from the classical tradition and

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another from the prehistoric and anthropological tradition. n
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role of natural and cultural features in the landscape in the n
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Carandini whose work challenges the conceptions of many
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in the combination of text and archaeology. He begins by a
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examining the mythology surrounding the founding of M
Rome, taking into consideration the recent archaeological e
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evidence from the Palatine and the Forum. Here primacy i
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is given to construction of place and mythological descent. e
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Anthony Snodgrass, Robin Osborne, Tim Cornell and Christopher Smith offer replies to his r
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arguments. Overall, the nineteen papers presented here show that a modern interdisciplinary and n
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international archaeology that combines material data and textual evidence – critically – can a
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S ditEd by
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a abriele ifani and imon toddart
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Oxbow Books with the Support of Skylar neil
www.oxbowbooks.com
Landscape, Ethnicity and Identity
in the Archaic Mediterranean Area
Edited by
Gabriele Cifani and Simon Stoddart
with the support of Skylar Neil
OXBOW BOOKS
Oxford and Oakville
Published by
Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK
© Oxbow Books and the authors, 2012
ISBN 978-1-84217-433-3
This book is available direct from:
Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK
(Phone: [phone]; Fax: [phone])
and
The David Brown Book Company
PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA
(Phone: [phone]; Fax: [phone])
or from our website
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A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Landscape, ethnicity and identity in the archaic Mediterranean area / edited by Gabriele Cifani
and Simon Stoddart with the support of Skylar Neil.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84217-433-3
1. Ethnic groups--Mediterranean Region. 2. Ethnicity--Mediterranean Region. 3. Group identity-
-Mediterranean Region 4. Mediterranean Region--Civilization. I. Cifani, Gabriele. II. Stoddart,
Simon. III. Neil, Skylar.
GN495.6.L37 2012
305.8009182’2--dc23
2012002803
Front cover image:”Etruscan Encounter” Print (23/50) by Valerie Thornton (1931–1991) in the
collection of Simon Stoddart, reproduced by kind permission of the Redfern Gallery (20 Cork
Street, London, W1S 3HL) acting as Executors of the estate of Valerie Thornton.
Back cover image: Archaic Panionion. Group of two terracott a warriors, late seventh century BC,
found at the foot of a bathron in the naiskos of the seventh century BC. (Photo: H. Lohmann).
Printed in Great Britain by
Short Run Press, Exeter
Contents
 1. Introduction: contextualizing ethnicity
Simon Stoddart and Gabriele Cifani..................................................................................1
 2. Urban landscapes and ethnic identity of early Rome
Andrea Carandini ...............................................................................................................5
Comments: A. Snodgrass, R. Osborne, T. Cornell and C. Smith.
 3. Landscape, ethnicity, and the polis
Robin Osborne ..................................................................................................................24
 4. Ionians and Carians in the Mycale: the discovery of Carian Melia
and the Archaic Panionion
Hans Lohmann .................................................................................................................32
 5. Are there altenatives to ‘Red-Figure Vase People’? Identity, multi-ethnicity
and migration in Ancient Greece
John Bintliff ......................................................................................................................51
 6. Landscape and identity of Greek colonists and indigenous communities
in southeast Italy
Gert-Jan Burgers ..............................................................................................................64
 7. Before the Samnites: Molise in the eighth and sixth century BC
Alessandro Naso ..............................................................................................................77
 8. Ethnicity, identity and state formation in the Latin
landscape. Problems and approaches
Francesca Fulminante ......................................................................................................89
 9. Ethnicity and the identity of the Latins. The evidence from sanctuaries
between the sixth and the fourth centuries BC
Letizia Ceccarelli ............................................................................................................108
10. Political landscapes and local identities in Archaic
central Italy – Interpreting the material from Nepi (VT, Lazio)
and Cisterna Grande (Crustumerium, RM, Lazio)
Ulla Rajala ......................................................................................................................120
11. Approaching ethnicity and landscapes in pre-Roman Italy: the middle
Tiber Valley
Gabriele Cifani ...............................................................................................................144
12. Exploring a frontier area in Etruria: the Civita di Grotte di Castro survey
Gabriele Cifani, Letizia Ceccarelli and Simon Stoddart ................................................163
iv Contents
13. Between text, body and context: expressing ‘Umbrian’
identity in the landscape
Simon Stoddart ..............................................................................................................173
14. Space, boundaries and the representation of identity
in the ancient Veneto c. 600–400 BC
Kathryn Lomas ...............................................................................................................187
15. Limits, frontiers and boundaries among the Iberians of the Guadalquivir
Valley (Eighth century BC–fourth century BC)
Arturo Ruiz and Manuel Molinos ................................................................................207
16. Landscape and ethnic identities in the early states of eastern Iberia
Ignacio Grau Mira .........................................................................................................228
17. The politics of identity: ethnicity and the economy of power
in Iron Age north-west Iberia
Alfredo González-Ruibal ................................................................................................245
18. Changing identities in a changing landscape: social dynamics
of a colonial situation in Early Iron Age south-east Iberia
Jaime Vives-Ferrándiz ....................................................................................................267
19. Endnote: situating ethnicity
Simon Stoddart and Skylar Neil ....................................................................................287
    Bibliography .................................................................................................................294
    Index ..............................................................................................................................352
Preface
This volume had its origins in a seminar held in Cambridge in March 2007. The papers
of the speakers at that conference have been swelled by invitations to other colleagues
to provide a geographical and regional balance. The editing was undertaken by Simon
Stoddart, Skylar Neil and Gabriele Cifani.

Contributors
(in alphabetical order)
John Bintliff studied Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge, where he also
completed his PhD on landscape and sett lement in prehistoric Greece. Aft er teaching at
Bradford University and then Durham, he moved to Leiden University in 1999 to the Chair
in Classical and Mediterranean Archaeology. His research interests include Greek and
Mediterranean Archaeology from prehistory to post-medieval times, landscape archaeology,
regional survey methodologies, and archaeological theory. His published work to 2007 can
be accessed in PDF form by personal request to j.l.bintliff @arch.leidenuniv.nl.
Gert-Jan Burgers received a degree in Ancient History and in Archaeology in 1989, moving
on to a doctoral thesis on sett lement dynamics, social organization and culture contact in
the margins of Graeco-Roman Italy. In 1998, he published a monograph on this subject, for
which he received a PhD degree in Mediterranean Archaeology at the Amsterdam Vrij e
Universiteit. Since 1994 he has been a lecturer in Mediterranean Archaeology at the same
university. In 2006 he was appointed Director of Ancient Studies at the Royal Netherlands
Institute in Rome. His research focuses on long term sett lement and landscape history, in
particular that of Italy. Major issues of interest include fi rst millennium BC urbanization
processes and related town-countryside relations, Greek colonization and Romanization.
To investigate these he has been directing a series of excavations and fi eld surveys in the
Salento peninsula.
Andrea Carandini is professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Rome “La
Sapienza”. His recent research focuses mainly on the landscape archaeology of Rome
and Italy. He has carried out fi eldwork in Italy (Ostia, Sett efi nestre, Volterra, Rome, Veii),
Tunisia (Carthago) and Algeria (Castellum Nador). Since 1985, he has been the director
of the excavation project of the northern slopes of the Palatine in Rome. His recent books
include: La nascita di Roma: dei, lari, eroi e uomini all’alba di una civiltà (Torino, 1997); Archeologia
del mito: emozione e ragione fra primitivi e moderni (Torino, 2002); Remo e Romolo: dai rioni
dei quiriti alla citt à dei romani (775/750–700/675 a.C. circa) (Torino, 2006); Archeologia classica
(Torino, 2008).
Gabriele Cifani is a researcher of Classical Archaeology at the University of Rome “Tor
Vergata”; he was previously Marie Curie Research Fellow of the Department of Archaeology
at Cambridge University (2005–2007), Alexander von Humboldt fellow at Freie Universität
Berlin (2005), fellow of the Italian Academy at Columbia University (2004), and research
fellow of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (2001). He carried out survey and excavations
in Italy and Libya; his main interests are the landscapes of pre-Roman Italy and Tripolitania,
and early Roman architecture. His publications include: Storia di una frontiera (Roma 2003);
L’architett ura Romana arcaica (Roma, 2008).
viii Contributors
Letizia Ceccarelli is currently studying for her doctorate at the University of Cambridge,
researching Archaic and Republican temples in Latium vetus. She graduated from the
University of Florence and studied for a Masters at the University of Southampton. Since
2003, she has been regularly collaborating with the Soprintendenza per I beni Archeologici
del Lazio studying the architectural decorations and structures excavated at the site of Ardea
(Rome). She also supervises the processing and the study of material from international
excavations such as the University of Texas, Austin at Ostia and for the British School at
Rome at the excavations of Falacrinae (RI).
Tim Cornell is Professor of Ancient History at the University of Manchester.
His publications include: Atlas of the Roman World (with J. F. Matt hews; (Oxford, 1982);
The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars, c. 1000–264 BC
(London, 1995).
Francesca Fulminante specialized in Classical Archaeology at the University of Rome ‘La
Sapienza’ and in 2008 obtained her PhD from the University of Cambridge with a thesis
on the political landscape of Early Rome and Latium vetus (Cambridge, forthcoming). She
published a monograph on ‘princely tombs in Latium vetus between the end of the Early
Iron Age and the beginning of the Orientalizing Age’ (‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 2003)
and a number of articles on the early history of Rome and the surrounding region, with
a wider interest in urbanization and state formation in the Mediterranean during the fi rst
millennium BC.
Alfredo González-Ruibal is a Staff Scientist with the Heritage Laboratory of the Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC). He has been an Assistant Professor at the Department
of Prehistory of the Complutense University of Madrid and a postdoctoral fellow with
the Archaeology Center of Stanford University. His research interests include Iron Age
Europe, ancient and modern colonialism, cultural contact and trade, ethnoarchaeology,
and the archaeology of the contemporary past. He has done fi eldwork in Spain, Italy,
Brazil, Sudan, Ethiopia and Equatorial Guinea. His publications have appeared in several
international journals.
Ignacio Grau Mira is a Lecturer in the Department of Archaeology of the University
of Alicante, Spain. His research is focused on the study of the Iberian Iron Age and
Early Roman Empire in Eastern Spain. He is also interested in methodological and
theoretical approaches to the study of landscape archaeology in the context of the ancient
Mediterranean, especially GIS in archaeology. He is running fi eldwork projects in Alicante
(Spain) and Perugia (Italy).
Prof. Dr Hans Lohmann, born in Berlin (West) in 1947, studied Classical Archaeology,
Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ancient History, and Prehistory at the Universities
of Berlin, Basle and Würzburg. His promotion dates to 1975 (Grabmäler auf unteritalischen
Vasen; Berlin, 1979). In 1976 and 1978 he was excavation director at Augst and Kaiseraugst
(Switzerland), in 1977 he had the scholarship of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut and
in 1979/1980 was Head of Division at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn. From 1981, he
Contributors ix
was Assistant Lecturer at the Ruhr-University Bochum, achieving his habilitation in 1990
(Atene – Studien zur Siedlungs und Wirtschaft sstruktur des Klasischen Att ika; Köln, 1993). Since
1997, he has been Associate Professor at the Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaft en,
Ruhr-University Bochum. His fi eldwork (surveys and excavations) has been in Germany,
Switzerland, Att ica, Miletus and Mycale.
Dr Kathryn Lomas is an honorary Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Archaeology,
University College London. She is the author of Rome and the Western Greeks (London, 1993)
and Roman Italy, 338 BC–AD 200 (London, 1996), and has published numerous articles on
Roman Italy, urbanism and colonization in the Greek and Roman world, and on ethnic
and cultural identities. Her current research, funded by the AHRC, is on the development
of literacy in early Italy.
Manuel Molinos is a Professor of Archeology at the University of Jaén and deputy
director of the Centro Andaluz de Arqueología Ibérica (Andalusian Centre of Iberian
Archaeology). He is coauthor of The Archeology of the Iberians (Cambridge, 1999) and Íberos
en Jaén. (Jaén, 2008). He has directed archaeological projects in the oppidum of Puente
Tablas, the sanctuary El Pajarillo and the hypogeum of Hornos. He has also developed
projects about Iberians and Romans in Jaén. His research focuses primarily on the Iron
Age, the archaeology of territory, social processes and aristocracy, and the distribution of
archaeological heritage in the territory.
Alessandro Naso, born in Rome in 1960, went on to take his doctorate at University
of Rome ‘La Sapienza’. Aft er initial fi eldwork in Italy and abroad (England, France, Sri
Lanka and Turkey), he spent annual visits in Germany, fi rst at the Römisch-Germanisches
Zentralmuseum of Mainz and then at the University of Tübingen with a Humboldt
Fellowship. He has successively been a researcher in archaeology at the Universities of
Udine (1998–2003) and Molise (2003–2008), until his more recent appointment as Professor
of Pre- and Proto- history at the Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck. From 1999,
he has taken part in the Miletus excavation to study Etruscan imports. He has published
Architett ure dipinte (Rome, 1996), I Piceni (Milan, 2000), and I bronzi etruschi e italici del Römisch-
Germanisches Zentralmuseum (Bonn, 2003) as well as many articles on pre-Roman Italy. His
current research is on Etruscan and Italic imports found in the Aegean and the Levant.
Robin Osborne is Professor of Ancient History in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow
of King’s College. His recent works include Greek History (London, 2004); Greek Historical
Inscriptions 404–323 BC (ed. with P. J. Rhodes; Oxford, 2003); Mediterranean Urbanization 800–600
BC (ed. with B. Cunliff e; Oxford 2005); Rethinking Revolutions through Classical Greece (ed. with
S. D. Goldhill; Cambridge, 2006), Art’s Agency and Art History (ed. with J. J. Tanner; Oxford,
2007); Classical Archaeology (ed. with S. Alcock; Oxford, 2007).
Ulla Rajala is a postdoctoral researcher affi liated with the University of Cambridge.
She was recently granted an honorary docentship at the University of Oulu, Finland,
aft er holding a three-year postdoctoral research post funded by the Academy of Finland.
As part of her PhD (graduated in 2003) she supervised the Nepi Survey Project and later