Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy and Physiology with Cat Dissections , Eighth Edition

725 Pages·2006·59.03 MB·English

by  Robert Amitrano

Anatomical & Physiological
Terminology
Prefixes cyan- blue in color (cyanotic) hetero- different, other (heterosexual)
cyst- bladder, baglike histo- tissue (histocompatibility)
(cystocarcinoma) holo- whole (holocrine)
Prefix Meaning (and Example) cyto- cell (cytoplasm) homo- same (homosexual)
hydro- water (hydrocephalic)
dacry- tears, lacrimal
a-, ab- away from (abnormal) hyper- excessive, above
(dacryostenosis)
a-, an- negative, not, without (hypertension)
dactyl- pertaining to fingers
(anaerobic) hypo- under, below (hypoglycemia)
(dactylospasm)
abdomin- pertaining to abdomen
de- from, not, down idio- individual, distinct
(abdominal)
(decongestant) (idiopathic)
ad- toward, adhere to (adduction)
deci- tenth (decibel) ilei(o)- pertaining to the ileum (ileitis)
aer- pertaining to air (aerobic)
dent- pertaining to teeth (dentition) ilio- pertaining to the ilium
af- movement toward a point
derm- skin (dermatitis) (iliosacral)
(afferent nerve)
di- two, double (digastric) in- in, within, negative
algi- pain (algesic)
dia- through, between, separate (incontinence)
all- other, different (allele)
(diastema) infra- beneath (infraorbital)
amb- both, on both sides
dipl- double (diplococcus) inter- between, among (intercostal)
(ambidextrous)
dis- apart, away from, negative intra- within, inside (intramuscular)
amph- on both sides (amphiarthrosis)
(dislocation) irid- pertaining to the iris
ana- up (anaphylaxis)
duct- to lead or conduct (ductus (iridectomy)
angio- pertaining to blood or lymph
arteriosus) iso- like, equal (isometric)
vessels (angiogram)
dys- difficult, bad, painful
ante- before (antebrachium) karyo- nucleus (karyotype)
(dysmenorrhea)
anti- against (antibiotic) kerato- pertaining to tough
apo- from, opposed to (apocrine) ecto- external, outside (ectoderm) substances, cornea (keratosis)
aqua- water (aqueous) ef- out (effusion) keto- pertaining to ketone bodies
arche(i)- first (archetype) endo- internal, inside (endoderm) (ketosis)
arthr- joint (arthritis) entero- intestine (enteroscope) kine- movement (kinesiology)
aud- pertaining to hearing ento- within (entocyte) kypho- humped (kyphosis)
(audiology) epi- upon, over, in addition to
labi- lip (labia majora)
auto- pertaining to self (epicardium)
lacri- tears (lacrimal duct)
(autoimmunity) erythro- red (erythrocyte)
lacto- pertaining to milk (lactogenic)
eu- well, healthy, normal
bi- double (binocular) laparo- pertaining to loin or abdomen
(euphoria)
bio- life, living (biofeedback) (laparoscopy)
ex- from, out of (excrement)
blast- germinal, bud (blastocyst) laryngi(o)- pertaining to larynx
exo- outside (exoskeleton)
brachi- arm (brachium) (laryngoscope)
extra- beyond, outside of
brachy- short (brachycephalic) later- side (lateral)
(extraembryonic)
brady- slow (bradycardia) leuk- white (leukocyte)
bucc- cheek (buccinator muscle) fasci- band (fasciculus) lipo- pertaining to fat (lipocyte)
febr- pertaining to a fever lith- stone (lithodialysis)
cac- bad, evil (cachexia)
(febricide) lymph- pertaining to lymphatic
calc- pertaining to calcium, lime, or
feto- pertaining to a fetus system (lymphoma)
stone (calcification)
(fetoscope)
carcin- cancer (carcinogen) macro- large (macrophage)
fibr- fibrous (fibroma)
cardi- heart (cardiac) mal- abnormal, bad, ill
for- opening (foramen rotundum)
cata- down, lower (catatonia) (malnutrition)
fore- in front of (forebrain)
caud- tail (caudal) mamm- pertaining to breast
centri(o)- center, middle (centrilobular) galact- pertaining to milk (mammography)
cephal- pertaining to head (galactosemia) mast- pertaining to breast
(cephalomeningitis) gastr- pertaining to the stomach (mastectomy)
cerebro- brain (cerebrovascular (gastroenteritis) medi- middle (mediastinum)
accident) gloss- tongue (glossectomy) mega- large (megakaryocyte)
chol- bile (cholangiography) gluco- pertaining to sugar mela- black (melanoma)
chondr- cartilage (chondrocranium) (glucogenesis) meningo- meninges (meningopathy)
chromo- color (chromosome) glyco- pertaining to sugar meso- middle (mesoderm)
circum- around (circumcision) (glycosemia) meta- beyond, after (metacarpal)
co- together (coarctation) gonado- pertaining to the gonads metra(o)- pertaining to uterus
coel- hollow cavity (coelom) (gonadotropin) (metrocystosis)
com- together (communicable) gran- particle, grain (granulocyte) micro- small (microcephaly)
con- together, with (congested) gravi- heavy (gravimetric) mio- less, smaller (mioplasmia)
contra- against (contraceptive) gyn- female sex (gynecologist) mito- thread (mitosome)
corn- hardened, horny (cornea) mono- one, alone (mononucleosis)
haplo- simple, single (haploid)
corp- body (corpus cavernosum) morph- shape (morphogenesis)
hema(o)- blood (hemapoiesis)
cryo- pertaining to cold muco- pertaining to mucous
hemato- blood (hematologist)
(cryopreservation) (mucoenteritis)
hemi- half (hemisphere)
crypt- hidden (cryptocephalus) multi- many (multicellular)
hepat- liver (hepatitis)
Continued on Inside Back Cover
Totally customized lab
solutions—in your hands
Picking the right labs . . . finding the right art . . . demonstrating lab safety and techniques . . .
trying to teach concepts when labs can’t be done live . . . How can you bring it all together to
create the perfect lab that will engage your students and give them the best chance of success?
With Thomson and Outernet, you can do it yourself.
Outernet develops ready-to-go, easily customized print and media solutions for biology lab
courses that combine robust content and interactive media assets. From each project’s
inception to completion, you’ll have everything you need:
(cid:2) A professional layout and design
(cid:2) A Labs on Demand® database of more than 150 carefully
developed lab activities, each of which may be further
edited to meet your individual needs
(cid:2) A discipline specialist to help you with content and editing,
including content for ancillary teaching and learning tools
(cid:2) An art database for selecting the “perfect image” from
2300 available images
(cid:2) Customized media CDs/DVDs that are specific to your
school, lab, and lab equipment
(cid:2) The ability to supplement your Outernet lab manual with
your original experiments, edited for the same professional
look as a ready-made lab
For more information and to get started
Let us show you how easy building a customized lab
program can be! Contact your local Thomson Brooks/Cole
representative today.
Help your students master even the most challenging
concepts and processes with PhysioEdge!
This powerful diagnostic and exploratory learning
companion allows your students to explore
physiological concepts in greater depth. PhysioEdge
provides a visual learning experience, dynamically
representing concepts with almost 60 animations
and interactivemedia exercises, as well as
instructive tutorials. Interactive Media Quizzes use
line art and more than 900 quiz questions to help
students gauge and increase their understanding
with immediate feedback on their answers and a
“smart” presentation of questions that increases in
difficulty as students improve. It’s like having a
personal tutor on demand.
To order the PhysioEdge CD-ROM, contact your
Thomson Brooks/Cole representative.
Thomson Custom Solutions:
Choices That Make Sense
It’s your course, why compromise? It’s now easier than ever to create your perfect learning
solution drawing from our extensive library of texts and collections, publish your own original
material, and create customized media and technology for your course. Learn how Thomson
Custom Solutions services can help you teach your course, your way!
Thomson Custom Solutions develops
personalized solutions to meet your course
needs. Match your learning materials to your
syllabus and create the perfect learning
solution—your customized text will contain the
same thought-provoking, scientifically sound
content, superior authorship, and stunning art
that you’ve come to expect from Thomson
Brooks/Cole texts, yet in a more flexible format.
Thomson’s digital library, TextChoice,
enables you to build your custom
version of Amitrano and Tortora’s
Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy
and Physiology with Cat Dissections
from scratch. You may pick and
choose what chapters to include in
your text, select a unique cover for
your course, access on-demand labs
from Outernet Publishing and add your
original materials—all from your own
desktop!
Visit www.textchoice.com to
Working with Thomson Custom Solutions
start building your book today!
was wonderful! It was so much easier to
create a custom textbook with them than
with our previous custom publisher.
Everything went much smoother and on a
much shorter timeline . . . We designed a
complete series of textbooks with Thomson
Custom Solutions. I recommend them all
the time to anyone considering a custom-
With Thomson Custom Solutions, I chose designed textbook. They are my first choice
chapters suited to the needs of my for a custom text.
students and written by the best authors.
It is great to finally have a cost-effective Patricia A. McNicholas,
way to teach an interdisciplinary course! Robert Morris College
Shannon K. Mitchell,
Virginia Commonwealth University
This page intentionally left blank
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
Laboratory Exercises in
Anatomy and Physiology
with Cat Dissections
Robert J. Amitrano
Bergen Community College
Gerard J. Tortora
Bergen Community College
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy and Physiology with Cat Dissections,Eighth Edition
Robert J.Amitrano and Gerard J.Tortora
Publisher:Peter Adams Permissions Editor:Joohee Lee
Assistant Editor:Kari Hopperstead Production Service:Graphic World Inc.
Editorial Assistant:Kristin Marrs Text Designer:Carolyn Deacy
Technology Project Manager:Earl Perry Photo Researcher:Terri Wright
Marketing Manager:Stacy Best Copy Editor:Graphic World Inc.
Marketing Assistant:Brian Smith Illustrator:Graphic World Illustration Studio
Marketing Communications Manager:Jessica Perry Cover Designer:Gia Giasullo
Signing Representative:Melissa Lerner Cover Image:Mike Powell/Stone(cid:2)/Getty
Project Manager, Editorial Production:Jennifer Risden Cover Printer:Quebecor World/Eusey
Creative Director:Rob Hugel Compositor:Graphic World Inc.
Art Director:Lee Friedman Printer:Quebecor World/Eusey
Print Buyer:Barbara Britton
© 2007 by Robert J. Amitrano. Published by Thomson Thomson Higher Education
Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, 10 Davis Drive
the Star logo, and Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein Belmont, CA94002-3098
under license. USA
ALLRIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by Library of Congress Control Number: 2006920895
the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form
Student Edition: ISBN 0-495-11219-4
or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution,
information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other
manner—without the written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 09 08 07 06
For more information about our products, contact us at:
Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center
1-800-423-0563
For permission to use material from this text
or product, submit a request online at
http://www.thomsonrights.com.
Any additional questions about permissions can be
submitted by e-mail to [email protected].
DE DICATION
To my friend Victoria, whose love of life and quest
for knowledge is an inspiration to me.
RJA
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
Laboratory Exercises in Anatomy and Physiology with derstanding of anatomy and physiology. Numer-
Cat Dissections, Eighth Edition, has been written ous photographs, photomicrographs, and scan-
to guide students in the laboratory study of intro- ning electron micrographs are presented to show
ductory anatomy and physiology. The manual students how the structures of the body actually
was written to accompany the leading anatomy look. We feel that this laboratory manual has bet-
and physiology textbooks. ter and more complete illustrations than any other
anatomy and physiology manual.
Comprehensiveness
Important Features
This manual examines virtually every structure
and function of the human body that is typically Among the key features of this manual are (1) dis-
studied in an introductory anatomy and physiol- section of the white rat, and selected mammalian
ogy course. Because of its detail, the need for sup- organs; (2) numerous physiological experiments;
plemental handouts is minimized; the manual is a (3) emphasis on the study of anatomy through
strong teaching device in itself. histology; (4) lists of appropriate terms accom-
pany drawings and photographs to be labeled; (5)
inclusion of numerous scanning electron micro-
Use of the Scientific Method graphs and specimen photos; (6) phonetic pro-
nunciations and derivations for the vast majority
Anatomy (the science of body structure) and phys- of anatomical and physiological terms; (7) dia-
iology (the science of body function) cannot be grams of commonly used laboratory equipment;
understood without the practical experience of (8) laboratory report questions and reports at the
laboratory work. The exercises in this manual chal- end of each exercise that can be filled in, removed,
lenge students to understand the way scientists and turned in for grading if the instructor so de-
work by asking them to make microscopic exami- sires; (9) three appendixes dealing with units of
nations and evaluations of cells and tissues, to ob- measurement, a periodic table of elements, and
serve and interpret chemical reactions, to record eponyms used in the laboratory manual; and (10)
data, to make gross examinations of organs and emphasis on laboratory safety throughout the
systems, to dissect, and to conduct physiological manual.
laboratory work and interpret and apply the re-
sults of this work.
New to the Eighth Edition
Illustrations Numerous changes have been made in the eighth
edition of this manual in response to suggestions
The manual contains a large number and variety from instructors and students. Asignificant change
of illustrations. The illustrations of the body sys- is the incorporation of the most up-to-date anatom-
tems of the human have been carefully drawn to ical terminology with new phonetic pronunciations
depict structures that are essential to students’ un- and derivations. Many laboratory exercises contain
v