Knossos: From Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion II. Text & Plates

888 Pages·1992·19.83 MB·English

by  L. H. Sackett

KNOSSOS
FROM GREEK CITY TO
ROMAN COLONY
Excavationsa t
the MansionI I
Unexplored
TEXT
BY
L. H. SACKETT
WITH
K. BRANIGAN
P. J. CALLAGHAN
H. W. and E. A. CATLING
J. N. COLDSTREAM
R. A. HIGGINS
M. R. POPHAM
J. PRICE
M. J. PRICE
G. B. WAYWELL
and others
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS
THAMES AND HUDSON
1992
© The BritishS chool of Archaeologya t Athens
and individuala uthors1 992
ISBN 0 0904887 081
Typesetb y Oxbow Books
at OxfordU niversityC omputingS ervice
Printedi n Great Britaina t the Alden Press,O xford
Contents
Page
Preface vii
IntroductionL: ayout, StratigraphyN, omenclatureA, bbreviations xi
1. Excavationa nd Architecturbey L.H. Sackettw ithJ .E. Jones 1
2. Sub-Minoan Potteryb y M.R. Popham 59
3. Early Hellenic Potteryb yJ .N. Coldstream 67
4. Archaict o HellenisticP otteryb y PJ. Callaghan 89
5. StampedA mphorah andles,S igillataS tampsa nd Graffitbiy L.H. Sackett
withV . Grace and others 137
6. Roman Potteryb y L.H. Sackett 147
7. The Lamps by H.W. and E.A. Catling 257
8. The Coins by MJ. Price 323
9. PlasterS culpturesb y G.B. Waywell 333
10. TerracottaF igurinesa nd Other Objects by R.A. Higgins 351
11. Metal Objects and MetallurgicalD ebris by K. Branigan 363
12. Objects in Bone and Bone Workingb y L.H. Sackett 379
13. Other Finds in Stone,C lay and Faience by L.H. Sackettw ithJ ane Cocking
and others 391
14. Glass Vesselsa nd Other Objects byJ . Price 415
15. Summarya nd Conclusions 463
NOTES to Sections1 -15 469
Appendices
1. The AnimalB ones by O. Bedw in 491
2. Recent and FossilM arine Invertebratebs y D.S Reese 493
3. A Note on the Roman Pigmentsb y R.E. Jones 497
Preface
The excavations itew as chosen,i n consultationw ithM ervynP opham,p rimarilyw itha viewt o
uncoveringt he completea rea of the Minoan 'UnexploredM ansion', whosee ast facade had
beenr evealedb yE vans and remainedo pen at thew ests ideo ft heL ittleP alace excavationT. he
Minoan Mansion has dimensionso f 14.5 x 24.5m., but the total area excavatedi n the four
main seasonsm easured1 6m.i n width,b ased on a good estimateo f the widtho f the Minoan
building,a nd 3 1.5-33.5 m. in length,t o includea t then orthe nd thef ulle xtento ft heR oman
NorthH ouse. This buildingh ad alreadyb een revealedi n outlineb y Germane xcavationso f
1942 and was bounded at the northb y a strongs tone-builatq ueduct,w hichi s on a different
alignmenft romt heM inoan buildingT. his aqueductf ormeda conveniennt orthernli mitt o the
excavation.
It was recognisedf romt he startt hat extensivep ost-Minoanr emainso verlayt he Minoan
buildinga nd could give importantn ew informationon the later historyo f Knossos. The
overlayo f soil on the east side of thiss lopings ite,w heren umerousw all stubsw ere visible
protrudinfgr oma cuts ectionm, easuredu p to 6.0 metresin depthf roms urfacet o Minoan floor
and alreadyp romisedu sefuli,f c omplicateds tratigraphyA.s yetn o detailedi nformatiown as
available on Classical, Hellenistico r Roman settlementi n this part of Knossos, and
comparativellyit tleh ad been publishedf roma ny parto ft hep ost-Minoant own.T hus, though
limitedb y principlesc hieflyt o do withM inoan architecturet,h e excavationw as undertaken
withh igh expectationso f usefuls tratigraphicarle sultsa, nd thish ope has been fulfiledb y a
good serieso f findsi ncludingn umerousd estructiona nd otherd epositsf roma lmoste very
periodf romS ub-Minoan to the early3 rd centuryA .D.
The workw as initiatedb y MervynP opham,t henA ssistantD irectoro ft heB ritishS chool at
Athensw itht hes tronga nd actives upporto ft heD irector,A .H.S. Megaw, and oft heS chool's
Managing Committee,a nd proceeded during the summerso f 1967-8 and 1971-3, with
supplementarwyo rki n 1977.T he post-Minoanw orkc ame undert hed irectiono fL .H. Sackett,
assistedi n 1967 by Gerald Cadogan, thenM acmillan Student,a nd in 1971 byJ . EllisJ ones.
MervynP ophamd irectedt hes easonsp rimarilyd evotedt o Minoan work,i n 1968 and 1972-3,
ther esultso fw hicha re now publishedi n twov olumesa s 'The Minoan UnexploredM ansion'
(hencefortMh UM), and has contributedth e sectiono n Sub-Minoan potteryt o thisv olume.
He also carriedo ut the supplementaryw orki n 1977 in a south extensiono ver the 'South
Platformw' hoser esultsi ncludeds ubstantialR oman remains.H is advice and expertiseh ave
been invaluablet hroughoutA. lso gratefullyac knowledgeda re the skilla nd patienceo f Ken
MacFadzean, architecta nd surveyord uringt hef ourm ain seasons,a nd ofD avid Smythw ho
succeededh imi n 1977,a nd workedd uringt hef ollowingy earso fs tudyi n drawingu p thef inal
revisionos f all plans and sections,a nd adding a numbero f new ones,a s needed.
Special thanksa re due to StylianosA lexiou,E phor of Antiquitiesa t Herakliond uringt he
excavationb, othf oro fficiaslu pporta nd forp ersonali nteresatn d encouragementa,s also to his
successorA, ngelikiL ebesis.A .H.S. Megaw as Directoro f the BritishS chool, not onlyh elped
initiatet hep roject,b utg ave valuable advicea nd administrativhee lpi n thef irsyt ear.I n thish e
was followedb y P.M. Frasera nd by H.W. Catlingw ho providede veryf acilityf ors tudya nd
vii
viii PREFACE
who withE lizabethC atlingh as undertakena n importantse ctiono f the publicationh imself.
Amongo therm ajorc ontributortso thep ublicationN icolasC oldstreama nd PeterC allaghan
have shown particularp atience and long-termin dustriousnesws ith material froms ome
difficulatn d scattereds tratigraphicaclo ntextsP. eterC allaghan workedd uringm anyy earsa t
Knossos,s ortingm, endinga nd drawingm aterialf romn umerous,s ometimesq uite scrappy
depositsa, nd makings enseo fc omplicateds tratigraphyw,h ichh as enabledh im to draw some
importanta nd originalc onclusionsf ort he Hellenisticp eriod.I also owe a particulard ebt to
John Hayes who spenta greatd eal of timea t Knossos in the initials tageso f studyingt he
Roman potterya,n d has continuedt o giveh elpi n thiss pecialistf ield.W ithouth im,t hew hole
processo f understandingth e Roman stratigraphayn d architecturwe ould have been much
more laboriousa nd time consuming.E llis Jones devoted a long summert o studyinga nd
writingu p a particularlym assiveR oman deposit (Deposit D4), and he has contributed
substantiallyto the sectiono n Roman housesa nd frescoes.
Otherm ajorc ontributortso thep ublicationK, eithB ranigan,H ectora nd ElizabethC atling,
Reynold Higgins, Martin Price,J enniferP rice (followingP amela Rumball-Rogers)a nd
GeoffreWy aywellh ave workedp atientlyw itht heirm aterial,a nd some have made necessary
revisionosv era n extendedp eriod.I am gratefutlo o toJ ane Cockingf oru ndertakinag revision
oft hec atalogueo fl oomweightasn d a discussiono f thism aterial( Section 13); also to Harriet
Watrous for reading over the section on stone objects, and for making suggestionsf or
improvement.
RichardJ ones,B edwinO wen, David Reese and ShelaghW all have each made specialisto r
technicalc ontributions.
Acknowledgemenist made in thep refacet o thep lates volumet o them anyp eople who in
drawingo r photographyh elpedp ut togetherso me3 50 pageso fi llustrationws hicha ccompany
thist ext.
The followingw eret he memberso f the excavations taffin the successivey earsa t Knossos:
Excavatiosnu pervisoGrse rald Cadogan (1967), Chris Bottomley(1 967), J. Ellis Jones (1967,
1971, 1973), Roger Howell, Elizabeth and GeoffreyW aywell (1967, 1971), CressidaR idley
(1967), Ken Wardle (1967), Jill CaringtonS mith (1971), Richard Heyhoe (1971), Katie
Heywood (1971), KerrinH ope (1971), Ian Sanders (1971), AndrewS tewart( 1971), John
Younger (1971), Tony Spawforth( 1973). Apothekset affO liver Dickinson (1967), John
Raymond (1967), Susan SherwinW hite (1967), Susan Bird (1971), Janet Blaker (1971),
Miranda Buchanan (1971), Paul Cartledge( 1971), PenelopeM ountjoy( 1971), Sarah Paton
(1971), Angela Wales (1971), Renee Jones (1973). AssistantIsa n Buist (1967), Lawrence
Churchill( 1967), StuartT horne (1967), Olivia Johnstone(1 971), Mark Magowan (1971),
CharlesC oolidge (1973), David Erhart( 1973).
In additionm anyo f thosew ho workedp rimarilyo n the Minoan excavationi n the 1968,
1972a nd 1977 seasonsa nd whosec ontributionasr e acknowledgedin thep refacet o theM UM
volume,a lso devotedc onsiderablet imet o post-Minoanw orki n thosey ears.
Becausea basic purposeo ft hee xcavationw as to freet hea rea above theM inoan buildingf or
subsequente xcavation, the work itselfd emanded a wide range of skills,f rom careful
stratigraphicacll eaningt o theh eavyt asko fr emovings ubstantiaml asseso fR oman masonry.
These tasksw ere ably and efficientlcyar riedo ut undert he supervisiono f AntoniZ idianakis
who began as foremanin 1967, and who gathereda n experienceda nd varied team of up to
sixteenw orkmena,s remarkablfe ort heirs killa nd devotiona s fort heirs trengthan d toughness.
Throughoutt he excavationa nd the later yearso f studyP etro Petrakis,a long withh is wife
Eleni, cleaned,m endeda nd restoredt he findsf, irstin the confineda rea of the buildingn ow
PREFACE ix
used as the Taverna annexe, and later in the more expansive conditionso f the new
StratigraphicaMl useum.
Since thisw as a School excavation,t hec osto ft hef ieldw orka nd ofm ucho ft hes ubsequent
studyw as borneb y theC ommitteeo ft heB ritishS chool at Athensw, ithg rantsf romt heS eager
Fund, the Evans Fund and theB ritishA cademy.I n recenty earsg enerouss tudyg rantsf rom
theD illon Fund ofG rotonS chool,M assachusettsa,n d fromH unterL ewis,h ave enabledm e to
spendc onsiderablele ngthso f timei n Crete,a nd to completet hes tudyo f theR oman pottery
and otherf indst here,a nd later to writeu p the excavationr eporta nd to do the necessary
editorialw ork.
Previouslyp ublisheda ccountso ft hee xcavationsin cludep reliminarrye portisn Archaeological
Reportfso r 1972-3, as well as shortn oticesi n the relevanti ssueso f Bulletind e Correspondance
Helléniquaen d ArchaiologikDoenlt ionA. n account of the House of the Diamond Frescoesw ith
illustrationisn colour appeared in Archaeology3 2 (2) 1979 pp. 18-27. A study of the
metallurgicadl ebrisb y E. Photos,S J. Filippakisa nd C J. Salterw as presentedin theB ritish
MuseumO ccasional Paper No. 48 for1 985,p p. 187-197. An Orientalizingd eposito fp ottery
was publishedi n the Annualo f theB ritishS choola t Athen7s 3, 1978, pp. 49-80. A numbero f
individualo bjectsh ave also been illustratedan d discussede lsewheret: heM agenta Ware flask
(TC55) in BritishM useumY earbooik 1975 p. 27; the lead-glazed cup A2,32 (see catalogue
entry);a nd some Roman terrsai gillataw are formss,e lectedb yJ .W. Hayes as typee xamples,
e.g. D3,3 (E sig B Form 60).
L.H. Sackett
BritishS chool at Athens
Introduction
The Course of the Excavations and their Layout
New trenchews erel aid out at the surfacel evel duringt he two main seasonsd evotedt o post-
Minoan work,1 967 and 1971,w itha n additionals outhe xtensionin 1977.
Excavationo ft hen orthh alfo ft hes itew as startedin 1967,a nd completedin 1968w hent he
Minoan workb egan. Since somew all lineso f theN orthH ouse had alreadyb een revealedb y
the Germane xcavationo f 1942,w hichh ad reacheda deptho f about 1.50m.,i t was decided
afterp reliminarcyl eaningt o excavatea s fara s possibleb y rooms,r athert hanb y a formagl rid
oft renchesT. hus thef irsatr eas excavatedw ereN orthH ouse, Rooms I- V (see thet renchp lan,
plate 1). Room V was dividedi nton ortha nd souths ectorsa,n d comprisedw hatl aterb ecame
Rooms V and VI (the numberV I havingb een reservedd uringf ield-worfko rt he area of the
street).
A broad stripa crosst he souths ide showedn o surfacew alls,a nd the area was accordingly
dividedi ntot hreet renchesV, II (or SE) at thes outheastV, III (or SW) at thes outhwesatn d
IX (or SA) at the small centrals outha rea (plate 1). When wall featuresw ere reached,t he
centrals treet( VI) tooku p mucho f thea rea SA, whileT renchV II coveredm ucho ft heE ast
House, and Trench VIII most of the North House southerny ard ('Room' VII). All the
originalt rencha reas (I-IX) continuedi n use throughoutth e excavationo f the lower (pre-
Roman) levels,a ftert he removalo f the laterw all features.
The norths ectorw as completedd own to theM inoan levelsi n thep eriodsJ une 19 -July 25
1967,a nd May 23 -June 5 1968. There followeda periodw hena ttentionw as diverteda way
fromK nossost o urgentw orki n the Lefkandic emeteries(1 969-70), begun in Spring1 968.
The southh alfo ft hes itew as excavatedi n 1971.A ftert her emovalb y machineo fa metreo f
topsoila nd wash levels,a s theyh ad been recordedi n the 1967 section( Section C, no. 1), a
simpleg rid of six trenches( X-XV), measuring6 x 4.50m., was laid out in an area which
eventuallym easured1 6m.f romn ortht o southa nd 14m.f rome ast to west.W orki n 1971l asted
fromJ une 9 toJ uly2 6, withf inalc leaningi n 1972 fromJ une 18-23.
In 1973 a season was devoted to the excavationo f outstandingw ells. Well 5 (Classical,
abortive),a nd Well 14 (3rd centuryB .C., unfinisheddu e to collapse) weree xcavatedb y Tony
Spawforth;W ell 8a (6th B.C. unfinishedd ue to collapse) was excavated by Nicolas
ColdstreamW; ell 12, a cisterno fH ellenisticc onstructiown ithf inalf illo fH adrianicd ate, set
directlya bove an Orientalizingw ell,w as excavatedb y Hugh Sacketta nd JohnE llisJ ones.
Finally,i n 1977 MervynP opham extendedt he excavationa t the southwestc ornero f the
excavation,p rimarilyf orM inoan testso utsidet hew alls oft heM inoan building,( see plate 1
fort hel ocationa nd area). An importanrt esulto ft hisw orkw as ther ecoveryo ft hes outhw ing
(Room IV) of the House of Diamond Frescoes.
Stratigraphy: the location and value of drawn sections
The slopingc haractero ft hes itea nd itsi ntensiveo ccupationo vera long periodh ave resulted
in a stratigraphtyh ati s bothc omplexa nd informativWe. hilei n places 2nd centuryA .D. walls
xi
xii INTRODUCTION
were foundedd irectlyo n the Minoan building (House of Diamond Frescoes),i n others
sequences of Dark Age (Trenches III, XIII, XIV), Classical (Trenches I, XII, XIII),
Hellenistic( TrenchesV II, XII, XIII, XIV) and 1stc enturyA .D. Roman (TrenchesX , XI,
XIII, XIV) were found. In general, though, the earlier periods were more scantily
representede,x ceptb y pits,a nd the Roman had richerd eposits.
It happenedt hatt hen atureo ft hen orthernh alfo ft hes itew as radicallyd ifferenftr omt hat
oft hes outhernh alf( as was also trueo ft heM inoan periods).N ortho ft hes treetw, hichm arks
the centrald ividingl ine,w as founda usefuls equenceo f the 2nd-3rdc enturiesA .D., in and
below the NorthH ouse. Beneath this,s canty 1st A.D. remainso verlaya more substantial
sequenceo f Classical and Hellenistica, nd a serieso f Early Iron Age and laterp itsa nd wash
levels.T hese are recordeds tratigraphicalliyn the major east-westse ctionsS ectionsC and D,
witht he supplementarSye ctionF (plates 8, 9 and 12; locationo n plate 1, trenchp lan).
At SectionD , a centralb aulk was leftr unningf rome ast to westa crosst he NorthH ouse,
Rooms I, V and IV, and was maintainedt hroughoutth ee xcavationo fe arlierl evelsb elow.A
correspondinngo rth-soutshe ctiono riginallyle fta crossR ooms II, V and VI, and recordedi n
1967-8, was later abandoned as more divisivet han informativeH. owever,a t Section F a
temporaryb aulk was lefta t righta ngles across the street,o n a differenotr ientationa,n d
providesa usefulr ecordo ft he 1sta nd 2nd A.D. constructioonv erH ellenistich ere.T his shows
the relativep ositiono f the followingd epositsa t thiss pot: Classical (H7), Early Hellenistic
(HI 3), Neronian( Nl), Hadrianic (Dl-2) and Severan (S2). The centrale ast-westS ectionC
(plate 8), drawna t thee nd of the 1967 and 1968 seasons,c ut acrosst hes treeta t an oblique
angle,r ecordingp arto ft hen orths ector( at west)a nd parto ft hes ouths ectorn, otablyt heE ast
House and its Hellenisticp redecessorat the east.
Southo ft hes treett heH ouse ofD iamond Frescoesw as theo nlym ajorl ate Roman building.
It was howeveris olatedb othi n plan and stratigraphicalflyr omt her esto ft hee xcavations, ince
itsf oundationcsu t rightd own to the Minoan, and weret erracedb ack througha nd removed
almosta ll traceso ft hei ntermediatpee riodsH. ence itss tratigraphiccaol ntextis quites imple,in
thati t providesa terminaunst eq uerfno ra ll associatedl evelsa nd structureesx ceptt heu pperw ash
levels( see SectionsA , B, E and E'). The majorp arto ft hes ouths ectorp rovideda richs equence
of 1stA .D. Roman deposits,c onvenientlyco mplementartyo the laters equenceo f the north
sector,a n importanbt ut complexa nd, in places,s cantC lassicala nd Hellenistics equence,a nd
some Early Iron Age occupation levels, pits and even wall traces. These are recorded
stratigraphicalilny SectionsA , B, E and E'. A numbero fp its,i n bothn ortha nd souths ectors,
whichd o nota ppear in any section,a re recordeds olelyo n thep itp lan, plate 5. Others pecial
sectionsa re providedf orW ell 12 (Roman cisterna) t plate 12b,t hec ists oak-awayb eneatht he
paved streets urfacea t plate 12c, and a pit sequence northo f the streeta t the west side
(SectionJ at plate 14, showingD epositsH 18, H27, FI and Tl).
The Excavation Reference System and the Recording of Proveniences
As fara s possible,p roveniencefso ra ll classeso fo bjectsa re givenn otationws hichr efert o dated
depositsa, rchitecturauln itso r others pecificf eature(se .g. DepositH 13,N orthH ouse, Well 14,
Pit 31). Most objects,i ncludingt heb ulko ft heR oman potteryw, erem arkedw itht heo riginal
excavationl evel numbers;m any were selectedf orc ataloguingd uringe xcavationa nd were
markedw ith site, year and serial number,a P- numberb eing reservedf or pottery( e.g.
UM/67/P35f ora vase, but UM/71 /502f ora bronzen ail). These numbersa re includedi n the
catalogue. When publishedf ragmentdso not have originale xcavationn umbers,t heyh ave
INTRODUCTION xiii
beenm arkedw itht hep ublishedn umbero nly.I n thei ntroductiotno each deposita listi s given
ofi tso riginalt rencha nd level numbers( oftenm ultiplef ora n individuald eposit)s o thatc ross
referenccea n easily be made froma publishedd epositt o the objectst hemselvesi,n cluding
unpublisheds herdm aterialb oxed in the StratigraphicaMl useum.
Again, numerouso bjectso f interestc ame froma varietyo f proveniencefs roma ll over the
site,w hichl ie outsideo r betweens uch contextsa, nd have not rated separatet reatmentI.n
thesec ases the originale xcavationn otationi s given,t ogetherw itht he date assignedt o the
potteryr,a thert hana n unacceptablylo ngv erbald escriptionor no notationa t all (whichc ould
implya n unstratifieodr otherwiseu nsatisfactorcyo ntext).E xamples:" X 2 #2021"s tandsf or
TrenchX , level2 , basket# 2021;" I(S) #0858W all cac' content"s tandsf orT renchI , southern
half,b asket# 0858,r emovalo f wall 'ac'
To clarifyt he significancoef thesen otationsw, hicha re also markedo n the objects,t here
followsa briefa ccounto f the labellings ystemu sed in the field.
Trenchesa re as follows(s ee plan at plate 1): (in 1967) I(N) and (S), II, III, IV (N) and (S),
V(N) and (S), VI (street)V, II (theS E area), VIII (theS W area), IX (thes mallc entralS outh
area or SA); (in 1971) X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV (originallyw rittenin arabic letters).
Excavated levelsw ere givena rabic numbers( writtenin a trianglef, ollowingB ritishS chool
practice),a nd each zembilo r basketh ad itso wn serialn umber,h erei dentifiedw ith# .T hese
numbero ver 3,000 and are listedi n a 53 page levelsi ndex,a vailable in the Stratigraphical
Museuma t Knossos,w iths uggestedp otteryd atesf ore ach. Wellsw ereg ivent hen umbero ft he
trenchw heret heyw eref ound( so Well 5 or Well 12); wherem oret hano ne wellw as foundi n a
singlet renchl,e ttersw erea dded (so Wells 8a and 8b). Walls wered enoteda lphabeticallyi,n
theo rdert heya ppeareda s excavationp rogresseda,n d ran fromW all 'a' to Wall 'gd', forming
a serieso f 186 wallsi n all. Pitsw eren umbereds eriallyw ithine ach trenchw, itha n appropriate
level number,b ut are here renumberedb y locationf roms outht o north( plate 5 withk ey).
All findsp ublishedi n thisv olumea re denotedb y a letterw, hichm ayr efere ithert o a deposit
(e.g. H 16,f or2 nd B.C. HellenisticN, l forN eronian,D 4 forH adrianic) or to material( e.g. C
forc oin, L forl amp, M form etal). For conveniencet hesea bbreviationsa re listedh ere in
alphabeticalo rder:
Catalogue Identification Code
A 1-2 Augustand eposits( includingp re-colonial)
Bl-2 Tiberiand eposits
C Coins
Cl-2 Claudian deposits( mid 1stA .D.)
D 1-6 Hadrianic deposits
E Objects in bone
Fl-2 Flavian deposits( late 1stA .D.)
G Glass
GA-GH ProtogeometriGc,e ometrica nd Orientalizingd eposits
H 1-35 Archaic,C lassical and Hellenisticd eposits
IG NorthI talian GreyW are
J Clay tiles
K Objects in clay
L Lamps
M Metal objects
Nl-3 Neroniand eposits
P Plasters culptures
Rl-3 Aurelian/Antonindee posits( later2 nd A.D.)
xiv INTRODUCTION
S Objects in stone
S 1-2 Severand eposits( late 2nd/early3 rd A.D.)
Tl-3 Trajanic deposits
TC Terracottaf igurines
U Upper levelsp otteryd eposits( late 2nd/early3 rd A.D. and later)
V Faience
W Clay loomweightasn d spindlew horlse tc.
X Stamped amphorah andlesa nd graffiti
Y Sigillatas tamps
ABBREVIATIONS
The followingab breviationos ccur in cataloguee ntries:
D = diameter fr(s). = fragment(s)
H = height c. = circa
Th == tthhiicckknneessss cc }}
W = width centi=CentUry
Wt = weight bg = black glaze
L = length bf = black figure
max = maximum rf = red figure
près = preserved rs = red slip
est = estimated us = unstratified
ext = extant
Measurementasr e in centimetreesx ceptw hereo therwisein dicated.
Abbreviationtso bibliographicarl eferenceasr e givena t the beginningo f the notesf ore ach
Section.