KARSTIFICATION IN (B4) UNIT NORTHWEST OF IRBID & IT,S ROLE IN ENHANCING HUMAN ...

196 Pages·2008·9.17 MB·English

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KARSTIFICATION IN (B4) UNIT NORTHWEST OF
IRBID & IT,S ROLE IN ENHANCING HUMAN IMPACTS
ON THE LOCAL GROUND WATER RESOURCES

By
Mohammad Al Farajat

[email protected]

Tel. No. 00962796712700
Al al-Bayt University
Jordan

Supervisor
Professor Elias Salameh

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Master of Science in
Geology

Faculty of Graduate Studies
University of Jordan

July1997

This thesis was successfully defended and approved on :

19/7/1997
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Examining Committee

1- Dr. Elias Salameh / Chairman
Prof. of Hydrology & Hydrochemistry

2- Dr. Hani Khoury / Member
Prof. of Mineralogy

3- Dr. Omar Rimawi / Member
Assoc. Prof. In Hydrogeology & Hydrochemistry

4- Dr. Najib Abou-Karaki /Member
Assoc. Prof in Geophysics & Seismology

5- Dr. Raja Gedeon / Member
Hydrochemistry / ministry of water & Irrigation
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To my parents ;
Father & mother …
To my sisters & brothers …
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ACKNOWLEDGMEN

First of all , I am very thankful and greatful to Prof . Dr. lias Salameh, for
suggesting the subject of study , continuous Supervising , support and for
the encouragement to carry out the Field work which was not always easy.

In addition to his scientific supervision , he emphasized the Way to serve
the country and the nation, waiting nothing in return.

Also , it is my pleasure to thank Dr . Omar Rimawi , for his
assistance , kindness , and moral support.

Also , I am very thankful to Prof . Dr. Hani Khoury , the Head of the
geology Department , for his support , encouragement , and making
available the laboratories and other facilities of the
department.

I am also very thankful to Dr. Najib Abou - Karaki for his
kindness , and moral support.

Thanks are also extended to Dr. Raja Gedeon, the Director of the
Directorate of laboratories of the Water Authority of Jordan, for his support
and for allowing the use of authority files and Laboratory facilities.

The employees of the Department of Geology / University of Jordan , are
especially thanked for their assistance and help.

Mr. Ahmad Bareshi, Mrs. Waila Qassem, Miss. Marsil Msiess, Mr.
Azam Karadsheh , Mr. Khaleel Tadros, Mr. Saleh Umeer , Mr. Nael
Abadi, and Mrs. Ameneh Al-Khordi.

Thanks are also extended to the Natural Resources Authority/ Jordan ,
Ministry of Health, General Statistics , and Ministry of Water and
Irrigation for their assistance during the phases of field Work and collection
of information.
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Also it is my pleasure to thank Mr. Hani Al-Omash for helping and
assistance through the field work.

Last but not least , I would very much appreciate here the help And
assistance of t he inhabitants of the study area , whose kindness,
hospitality and morality greatly helped in making the field work
easy.
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List Of Contents

No. Subject page

* Examining Committee …………................... ii
* Dedication……………………………………
iii
* Acknowledgement
* List of Contents vi

* List of Tables

* List of Figures

* Appendices

* Abstract

1. CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………18
1.2PreviousWorks &
Studies…………………………………………………………..20
1.3 Objectives Of
Study…………………………………………………….............21
1.4 Location & Discription Of The Study
Area…………………………………..………………………… 21
1.5 Population, Activities, & Water
Support………………………………………………………….25
1.5.1 Waste Water Disposal Methods Of Villages &
Towns........................................................................................ 27
1.6 Methods Of study……………………………………...29

2. CHAPTER TWO : KARST & SPELAEOLOGY AS A
DEVELOPING BRANCHIES OF GEOLOGY & THE FACTORS
CONTROLING KARST DEVELOPMENT

2.1 Introduction.......................................................................32
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2.2 Definition Of karst ……………………………………………32
2.3 Spelaeology Definition…………………………………………33
2.4 Factors Controlling Karst Development…………………….. 34
2.4.1 Rock Control…………………………………………………..35
2.4.2 Water Control......................................................................... 37
2.4.3 Helping Factors........................................................................54
2.5 Karst, Features, Historical Review, & Practical Aspects……. 55

3. CHAPTER THREE : GEOLOGY, STRUCTURES, &
CLIMAT
3.1 Geology………………………………………………………….60
3.1.1 Stratigraphy………………………………………………….61
3.2 Structures………………………………………………………71
3.3 Climate………………………………………………………….75

4. CHAPTER FOUR : LOCAL KARST, SPELAEOLOGY, &
ARCHAEOLOGY
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………..79
4.2 Field Works…………………………………………………. 79
4.3 Local Karst In Relation To Structures……………………..80
4.4 Features Of The Local Karst……………………………..….84
4.5 Local Spelaeology………………………………………….…89
4.6 Archaeology……………………………………………….….90
4.7 Practical Risks Of Underground Cavities………………….95
4.8 Geoelectrical Applications…………………………………...101

5. CHAPTER FIVE : HYDROLOGY, HYDROGEOLOGY, & KARST

HYDROGEOLOGY
5.1 Hydrology……………………………………………….….107
5.1.1 Precipitation…………………………………………..….107
5.1.2 Evaporation……………………………………………...110
5.1.3 Runoff…………………………………………………….111
5.1.4 Infiltration………………………………………………..111
5.1.5 Paleohydrology …………………………………………..112
5.2 Hydrogeology & Karst Hydrogeology……………...........113
5.2.1 Aquifers & Hydrodynamics……………………………..114
5.3 Studies On The Karstified Al-Rijam (B4) Aquifer……..116
5.3.1 The Nature Of The Aquifer (B4)………………….........117
5.3.2 Porosity, Permeability, & Transmissivity………………129
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5.3.3 Tracer Study…………………………………………….130

6. CHAPTER SIX : PETROLOGY, MINERALOGY, &
GEOCHEMISTRY
6.1 Introduction…………………………………….…………133
6.2 Thin Sections Study…………...………………….………134
6.3 X-Ray Diffraction…………………….………….………..143
6.3.1 Soil………………………………....…………….………..143
6.3.2 Joint Filling Material……………………………………144
6.3.3 Stalactites………………………………….……..……….144
6.3.4 A Sample From A Hight Of 70 Meters From The Base Of Wadi
Al- Rafeed From (B4)………………………….………………144
6.3.5 A Sample From A Hight Of 80 Meters From The Base Of Wadi
Al- Rafeed From (B4)…………………………….……………145
6.4 Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) Analyses.148
6.5 Geochemical Study………………………………………..151
6.5.1Part One (Minerals End Member…………….………..152
6.5.2 Part Two (Speleothems Study…………………………154
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7. CHAPTER SEVEN : HYDROCHEMISTRY :
WATER QUALITY, WATER POLLUTION, &
WATER-ROCKS INTERACTION
7.1 Introduction……………………………….……………… 158
7.2 Water Quality133……………………………………….…159
7.3 Pollution Of Water……………………………………….168
7.3.1 The Potentials Of Ground Water Pollutions In The Study Area
7.3.2 The Role Of Karst In Transporting Pollution, & Indications On
Pollution…………………………………………………………169
7.3.2.1 Bacteriological Quality Of Springs Water……………170
7.4 Water-Rocks Interactions……………………………….174
7.4.1 Mixing Of Water End-Members……………………….177
7.4.1.1 Mixing In Summer Season………………………….183
7.4.1.2 Mixing In Winter Season……………………………183
7.4.1.3 Recent Dissolution Evidences……………….………189

8. CHAPTER EIGHT : CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 Conclusions……………………………………………191
8.2 Recommendations…………………………………….193
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• References……………………………………………………195
• Appendix (A) …………………………………………………201
• Appendix (B) ………………………………………………..210
• Abstract In Arabic………………………………………….214
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List Of Tables

No. Table Page

Table (1.1) Population Census Of The Study Area…………… 26
Table (2.1) Variation Of The Equilibrium Constants
With TemperatureVariation………………………………………. 42
Table (2.2) Equilibrium Solubility Product Of Some
Karst Minerals………………………………………………………. 43
Table (3.1) Regional Time-Litho-Stratigraphic Correlation Chart62
Table (3.2,a) Relative Humidity…………………………………….76
Table (3.2,b) Maximum & Minimum Temperatures………………77
Table (3.2.c) Wind Speed…………………………………………….77
Table (5.1) Values Of Monthly Precipitation 1985/1995….……98
Table (5.2) Mean Daily & Yearly Evaporation Values…….…..109
Table (5.3) Hydrogeological Discription Of Rock Units ……….110
Table (5.4) Springs Annual Discharge……………………………115
Table (5.5) Porosity & Permeability Of The Rocks Matrix…….128
Table (6.1) Classification Of Limestone………………………….140
Table (6.2) Chemical Analysis Of The Rocks End Members…..154
Table (6.3) Speleothems Analysis…………………………………155
Table (6.4) Soil Analysis ………………………………………….156
Table (7.1) Analytical Methods Of Springs Water………………159
Table (7.2) Chemical Analysis Of Springs Water……………….161
Table (7.3) Irrigation Suitability Of Springs Water…………….161
Table (7.4) Classification Of Hardness…………………………..175
Table (7.5) Results Of Recent Bacterial Analyses……………….176
Table (7.6) Previous Bacterial Analyses………………………….178
Table (7.7) Saturation Indices Of Input Water Types………….180
Table (7.8) Chemical Analyses Of The Input Water Types……181
Table (7.9) Saturation Indices Of Output Water Types……….181
Table (7.10) Minimum & Maximum Calcite S.I Of Output
Water Types………………………………………………………….182
Table (7.11) S.I Of Ain Al-Torab Spring Water In Winter……..183
Table (7.12) Chemical Analysis Of Ain Al-Torab Spring Water In
Winter………………………………………………………………..186
Table (7.13) Mixing In Summer. S.I Results……………………..187
Table (7.14) Mixing Of Rain Water With Soil-Water.S.I Results188
Table (7.15) Mixing Of Ain Al-Rafeed Spring Water With Mixture Of