Just War Theory and Civilian Casualties: Protecting the Victims of War

251 Pages·2017·2.232 MB·English

by  Marcus Schulzke

JustWarTheoryandCivilianCasualties
Therearestrongmoralandlegalpressuresagainstharmingciviliansintimes
ofconflict,yetneitherjustwartheorynorinternationallawisclearaboutwhat
responsibilitiesbelligerentshavetocorrectharmonceithasbeeninflicted.In
thisbook,MarcusSchulzkearguesthatmilitarypowershaveadutytopro-
videassistancetothecivilianstheyattackduringwars,andthatthisdutyis
entailedbycivilians’righttolife.Schulzkedevelopsnewjustwarprinciples
requiringbelligerentstoprovidemedicaltreatmentandfinancialcompensa-
tiontocivilianvictims,andthenshowshowtheseprinciplescanbeimple-
mented in governmental, military, and international practice. He calls for a
moreindividual-focusedconceptionofinternationallawandpost-warjustice
forvictims–asopposedtocurrentstate-orgroup-basedreconstructionand
reparationprograms–whichwillprovideaframeworkforprotectingcivilian
rights.
marcusschulzkeisaLecturerinInternationalRelationsattheUniversity
ofYork.HisworkhasappearedinjournalsincludingPerspectivesonPolitics,
ReviewofInternationalStudies,InternationalStudiesPerspectives,andPolit-
icalStudies,andheistheauthorofTheMoralityofDroneWarfareandthe
PoliticsofRegulation(2016).

Just War Theory and
Civilian Casualties
Protecting the Victims of War
MarcusSchulzke
UniversityofYork
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DOI:10.1017/9781316995471
(cid:2)C MarcusSchulzke2017
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DedicatedtoKevinPatrickCarroll, whosesenseof
justiceinspiredthisbook

Contents
Acknowledgments pageix
Introduction 1
ReassessingJustWarTheory 4
ProtectingtheRighttoLifewithaPositiveDuty 6
ThePrinciplesofRestorativeCareandRecompense 8
TheChallengeofRevisingJustWarTheory 11
TheStructureoftheBook 12
1 TheEvolutionofCivilianImmunityandtheRighttoLife 18
ChangingViewsofCivilianImmunity 20
CiviliansinContemporaryJustWarTheory 31
TheStruggletoClarifytheCombatant/NoncombatantDistinction 39
AlternativeTaxonomies 43
DefiningCivilianStatus 46
Conclusion 49
2 JustWarTheory’sRestrictiveOrientation 51
ThePrincipleofDiscrimination 53
ThePrincipleofProportionality 57
ImprovingJustWarTheory’sCivilianProtections 61
TheoriesofJusPostBellum 65
Conclusion 73
3 ThePositiveDutytoAlleviateCivilianSuffering 75
TheMeaningoftheRighttoLife 76
TheRighttoLifeandItsAssociatedDuties 80
DerivingthePositiveDuty 82
ThePositiveDutyandMoralGuilt 86
TheProtectiveFunctionofRights 87
InfringementsandViolations 89
AdditionalGroundsforRecognizingthePositiveDuty 93
WhoBearsthePositiveDuty? 98
Conclusion 102
4 EffortstoExcuseCivilianSuffering 104
TheDoctrineofDoubleEffect 105
UtilitarianEvaluationsofWar 116
Conclusion 126
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viii Contents
5 ThePrincipleofRestorativeCare 128
DefiningthePrincipleofRestorativeCare 129
SupererogatoryCare 135
ExistingStandardsofTreatment 137
RealizingthePrincipleofRestorativeCare 139
DoctorsandOtherMedicalPersonnel 143
SpecialChallengesforRestorativeCare 146
Conclusion 151
6 ThePrincipleofRecompense 153
ThePrincipleofRecompense 154
TheUtilityofMoney 159
ExistingTheoriesofPost-WarReparation 161
MakingSymmetricalPaymentsBasedonthePositiveDuty 167
DiscriminationandModeratingPayments 168
PotentialProblemsforthePrincipleofRecompense 170
Conclusion 174
7 ReconcilingthePositiveandNegativeDuties 175
ThePositiveDuty’sPlaceinJustWarTheory 177
ConflictsbetweentheNegativeandPositiveDuties 180
HumanitarianInterventions 181
DefendingAgainstExistentialThreats 185
NegativeandPositiveDutiesInBello 189
PracticalConsiderations 191
Conclusion 197
8 PositiveDutiesunderInternationalLaw 199
TransformingthePositiveDutyintoLaw 201
DevelopingStateIncentives 204
CivilianCompensationinAmericanWars 206
StandardsofLiability 211
AnIndividualCauseofAction 213
JudgingClaims 215
Conclusion 218
Conclusion 219
Bibliography 222
Index 235
Acknowledgments
IoweanenormousdebttomywifeandfrequentcollaboratorAmandaCortney
Carroll. Many of the ideas I present in the book were derived from work we
didtogetherandfromconversationswehadaboutcivilians’rights.Heradvice
wasespeciallyhelpfulwhenitcametolegalissues.Iamthankfulforthelove
andsupportIreceivedfromAmanda,Ember,andPanda.MyparentsReinand
PamSchulzkehelpedwithendlessencouragementandcarethroughoutmyaca-
demic career, and long before. I can never repay them for all that they have
done to help me. I am thankful for the conversations I had with others about
thebook’sarguments,whichhelpedtoshapemythinkingaboutthesubjectand
toanticipatecounterarguments.ReyKozlowski,BryanEarly,VictorAsal,and
David Rousseau offered some especially helpful comments. Finally, I would
liketothanktheeditorialteamatCambridgeUniversityPress,especiallyHilary
Gaskin,andthetwoanonymousreviewerswhoprovidedinvaluableconstruc-
tivefeedback.
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