Julian of Toledo

624 Pages·2016·32 MB·English

by  Prognosticum futuri saeculi / Foreknowledge of the World to Come

JULIAN OF TOLEDO
Prognosticum futuri saeculi
Foreknowledge of the world to come
Saint Julian of Toledo (AD 642-90). Painting by
Juan de Borgoiia (XVIc), Cathedral of Toledo, Chapterhouse.
PHOTO COURTESY OF ARCHDIOCESE OF TOLEDO
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THE WORKS OF THE FATHERS IN TRANSLATION
ADVISORY BOARD
Boniface Ramsey, Chair
John Dillon
Jeremy Driscoll
Thomas Macy Finn
Thomas L. Knoebel
Joseph Lienhard
John A. McGuckin
No. 63
jUJLJIAN OF 1'0JLEDO:
JPROCGN O§1I'K CUM JFUl'uro §AJECUJLK
JFORJEKNOWLEDCGEOJFl'HE
WORLD 1'0 COME
TRANSLATED, EDITED, AND INTRODUCED
BY
TOMMASO STANCATI, OP
Foreword by His Eminence
Cardinal Antonio Caiiizares Llovera
Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain
THE NEWMAN PRESS
New York/Mahwah, NJ
Nihil Obstat Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum
Fr. LOiC Marie Le Bot OP, Prior.
Apud Conventum SS. Dominici et Xysti,
Romae, Die octava Maii, A.D. MMVIII.
Excerpts from the English translation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church for
use in the United States of America copyright © 1994, United States Catholic
Conference, Inc.
COPYRIGHT © 2010
BY
SERGIO STANCATI
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without per-
mission in writing from the Publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Julianus, Saint, Bp. of Toledo, d. 690.
[Prognosticum futuri saeculi. English]
Prognosticum futuri saeculi = Foreknowledge of the world to come /
Julian of Toledo; translated, edited, and introduced by Tommaso Stancati ;
foreword by Antonio Caiiizares Llovera.
p. cm. - (Ancient Christian writers; 63)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.
ISBN 978-0-8091-0568-7 (alk. paper)
l. Eschatology. I. Stancati, Sergio Tommaso. II. Title. III. Title: Fore-
knowledge of the world to come.
BT82l.3J8513 2010
236.09'021-dc22
2010002553
Published by The Newman Press
an imprint of Paulist Press
997 Macarthur Boulevard
Mahwah, New Jersey 07430
www.paulistpress.com
PRINTED AND BOUND IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONTENTS
Foreword (English and Spanish) ................................ .... ..... ...... ........ .. ij
Preface ............ ,. . ,. .... .... .... .......................................................... . ...... ,. ..... ... xi
Introduction
Chapter I: The Historical, Political, and Religious
Environment ofVisigothic Spain in Which
Julian of Toledo Was Born and Lived ......... :. ............ 3
Chapter II: The Life and Works ofJ ulian of Toledo
(642-690) ..... ............ ................ ... ........ .............. ... ..... 33
Chapter III: The Prognosticum futuri saeculi (687-688):
The Most Ancient Systematic Treatise on
Christian Eschatology .................... ....... .. ...... ..... ... .. 165
Chapter IV: A Theological Commentary on the
Prognosticum futuri saeculi of Julian of Toledo ....... 270
The theological and anthropological
characteristics of the eschatology of
Julian of Toledo ...................................................... 270
Book I: The mystery of death ... .. .................. ... .................... 273
Book II: Post mortem animae non sunt otiosae:
The intermediate eschatology. . .............................. 296
Book III: Human corporeality has an eternal destiny .......... 331
v
vi CONTENTS
Letters of Idalius of Barcelona ................. ...... ....... ............... .. ....... .. .. 363
Julian of Toledo: Prognosticum futuri saeculi,
Foreknowledge of the World to Come
Preface to the Books of the Foreknowledge of the World to
Come of St. Julian, Bishop of the See of Toledo ....................... .... 371
Prayer to God by Julian Himself.. ............... ........................... ....... 375
Beginning of the chapters of the first book, on the origin
of human death ................................. ..... ........................... .. ... ........ 377
Beginning of the chapters of the second book, on the souls
of the dead: How they are before the final resurrection of
the body ........ ....................... ................. ....................... ... ...... .......... 397
Beginning of the chapters of the third book, on the final
resurrection of the body .... ....................... ............. .. ..................... .425
Notes ....................................................................... ................ ..... ........ 465
Bibliography ... ... ................................. ... ..................... .... .. ................ ... 568
Index of Scriptural References in the Prognosticum ............... .......... 601
Index of Citations from the Fathers of the Church in the
Prognosticum ......................................................................................... 604
Index of the Authors Quoted in the Introduction .. .. ................ ...... 605
FOREWORD
St. Julian of Toledo (t690) was the last great Spanish theologian
of the seventh century. Following in the wake of great Toledan pastors
like St. Eugene (t657) and St. Ildephonse (t c. 667), he ruled the
Toledan episcopate with zeal and wisdom.
We know the life of St. Julian thanks to the eulogy written for
him by the bishop Felix, his disciple and successor. Born in Toledo in
642, Julian was educated at the episcopal school under the direction
of St. Eugene. In 679 he was consecrated bishop of the city. He died
I
in 690, before his fiftieth birthday.
The eulogy describes him as an energetic personality and pre-
occupied with the idea of a unified Spanish Church. In the liturgical
field he accomplished a profound unification of rites and texts. In the
field of ecclesiastical discipline he definitively maintained the primacy
of the Toledan church. He was a very active participant in the Twelfth,
Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Councils of Toledo and
presided over them as metropolitan even though he was not the most
senior bishop.
According _t o the Mozarabic Chronicle, St. Julian was of Jewish
parentage, which explains why some of his writings were directed
toward the conversion oftheJews. His strong character can be seen in
his confrontation with the bishop of Rome. The confrontation began
when Pope Leo II sent the acts of the Third Council of Constantinople
to be signed by the Visigothic bishops. Julian, in the name of the
Spanish bishops, sent the pontiff his First Apologetic, which approved
the received texts and added observations on the opinions of the
Spanish Church. Julian's response arrived in the hands of the new
Pope Benedict II, who took it as a personal offense. The Spanish bish-
ops then delegated Julian to write a Second Apologetic, which was later
inserted in the Acts of the Fifteenth Council of Toledo.
Julian wrote numerous works that depended on St. Isidore. In
the First and Second Apologetics he offers a doctrinal justification for the
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viii JULIAN OF TOLEDO
expression voluntas genuit voluntatem and refutes the monothelites.
His De comprobatione sextae aetatis is an anti-Jewish treatise, in which he
rebuts the Jewish objections to recognizing Jesus Christ as the Messiah
announced by the prophets. The treatise is mostly based on St.
Augustine, but Jerome, Tertullian, Gregory the Great, and Hilary of
Poi tiers are also cited.
St. Julian also wrote a small biblical treatise (Antikeimenon libri)
in which he comments on and harmonizes all the passages in the
Bible that appear to contradict one another. Other works of a histor-
ical nature have also come down to us, such as the Eulogy of St.
Ildefonso, the Book of the History of Wamba, the Insultatio in tyrannidem
Galliae, and the Judicium, written against the rebellious Paul of
Narbonne and his followers. An Ars grammatica is also attributed to
Julian, which collects all the grammatical teachings of a Toledan
school (probably the episcopal school).
Julian of Toledo's most important work, however, is the
Prognosticum futuri saeculi. The origin of this work was a dialogue that
Julian maintained with Idalius-the bishop of Barcelona, who was in
Toledo to attend the Fifteenth Council (688)-on the situation of the
soul after death and before resurrection. While it is not an original work
in terms of its contents, it became something new thanks to its structure
and its manner of ordering eschatological questions around three fun-
damental themes: death, the situation of the deceased before resurrec-
tion, and the final resurrection. In his systematization, Julian of Toledo
conceived of the last things in two phases: the final phase, centered on
universal resurrection, and the intermediate phase, characterized by the
situation of the soul between personal death and the final resurrection.
The influence of this work would be notable upon early medieval theol-
ogy and in the Counter-Reformation, when it became a reference work
for Catholic theologians in their disputes with the reformers.
The appearance of a new version of the Prognosticum is an event
that deserves to be greeted with gladness. The questions treated by St.
Julian respond to the inquietudes present in men and women of all
epochs. We celebrate, therefore, the authors of this careful translation
and hope that this work will help the thought of the Toledan saint, an
able witness of the living Tradition of the Church, become better known.
+ Antonio Cardinal Caiiizares
Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain *
* In December 2008, Cardinal Canizares Llovera, Archbishop of Toledo and
Primate of Spain, was named by the Holy Father Benedict XVI as Prefect of the
Congregation for the Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments.
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EI C\RDENAI ARZOAISI'() IX 1 or fiX)
--
SAN JULIAN DE TOLEDO
PROGNOSTICUM FUTURI SAECULI
PRESENTACION
San Julian de Toledo (t 690) es el ultimo gran teologo hispano del
siglo VII. Siguiendo la estela de grandes pastore toledanos, como San
Eugenio (t 657) Y San Ildefonso (t c.667) , gobernola sede toledana con
celo y sabiduria.
La vida de San Julian nos es conocida gracias al elogio que sobre el
escribio su discipulo y sucesor, el obispo Felix. Nacio en Toledo en el 640,
fue educado en la escuela episcopal bajo la direccion de Eugenio. En el
679 fue consacrado obispo de la ciudad. Murio en el 690 antes de cumplir
los cincuenta anos.
El elogio 10 describe con caracter energico, preocupado por la idea
de la unidad de la Iglesia hispana. En el campo liturgico desarrollo una
profunda unificacion de ritos y de textos. En el disciplinar sostuvo de
manera definitiva el primado de la Iglesia toledana. Partecipo muy acti-
vamente en los Concilios XII, XIII, XIV Y XV de Toledo, que presidio
como metropo1ita, a pesar de no ser e1 ohispo mas andano.
Segun la Cronica mOZilrabe, San Julian serfa de origen judio. Su
fuerte caracter se percibe en el enfrentamiento que mantuvo con el
obispo de Roma. El motivo fue que el Papa Leon II habia enviado a los
obispos visigodos las aetas del Concilio III de Constantinopla para que las
firmasen. Julian, en nombre de los obispos hispanos, escribio al pontifice
su Primer Apologetico, aprobando los textos recibidos y anadiendo observa-
ciones sobre los sentimientos de la Iglesia hispana. La respuesta de Julian
llego a manos del nuevo Papa Benedicto II, quien la interpreto como una
ofe ns a personal. Los obispos espanoles delegaron entonces en Julian
para que escribiera un Segundo Apologetico, inserto despues en las Aetas del
XV Concilio toledano.
Julian escribio numerosas obras, dependientes de San Isidoro. En
el Primer Apologetico y en el Segundo ofrece la justificacion doctrinal de la
expresion voluntas genuit voluntatem y refuta a los monoteletas. El De com-
ix
x JULIAN OF TOLEDO
probatione sextae aetatis es un tratado contra los judios, don de sale al paso
de las objecionesjudias para reconocer enJesucristo al Mesias anunciado
por los profetas. El tratado se basa sobre todo en San Augustin, pero tam-
bien son citados Jeronimo, Tertuliano, Gregorio Magno e Hilario de
Poitiers.
San Julian tambien escribio un pequeno tratado de caracter biblico
(Antikeimenon libri) en el que comenta y armoniza todos los pasajes de la
Biblia que parecen contradecirse. Nos han Uegado tambien otras obras
de caracter historico, come el Elogio de san Ildefonso, 0 el Libro de la historia
de Wamba, con dos adiciones: la Insultatio in tyrannidem Galliae y el Judicium,
contra el rebelde Pablo de Narbona y sus seguidores. Se attribuye ademas
aJulian un Ars grammatica, en que se recogen las ensenanzas gramaticales
de una escuela de Toledo, probablemente la episcopal.
Sin embargo, la obra mas importante de Julian de Toledo es el
Prognosticum Futuri Saeculi. El origen de este libro esta en el dialogo man-
tenido entre Julian e Idalio - obispo de Barcelona, presente en Toledo
para asistir al XV Concilio toledano (688) -, sobre la situacion de las almas
despues de la muerte y antes de la resurreccion. Sin ser un obra original
en su contenidos, resulta novedosa la estructura y el modo de ordenar las
cuestiones ultimas en torno a tres temas fundamentales: la muerte, la
situacion del difunto antes de la resurreccion, y la resurreccion final. En
su sistematizacion,Julian de Toledo concibe ya las ultimidades segun una
doble fase: la final, centrada en la resurreccion universal, y la intermedia,
caracterizada por la situacion de alma entre la muerte personal y la res-
urreccion final. El influjo de esta obra sera notable en la primera teologia
medieval y en la contrarreforma, convertiendose en obra de referencia
para los teologos catolicos en las disputas con los reformadores.
La aparicion de una nueva version del Prognosticum es un aconte-
cimiento que merece ser salutado con alegria. La cuestiones tratadas por
San Julian responden a inquietudes presentes en los hombres y mujeres
de todas las epocas. Felicitamos, por tanto, a los autores de esta cui dada
traduccion deseando que esta obra ayude a conocer mejor el pen-
samiento del santo toledano, testigo cualificado de la Tradicion viva de la
Iglesia.
+ Antonio Cardenal Caiiizares
Arzobispo de Toledo, Primado de Espana*
* En el Diciembre 2008, en la solemnidad de Santa Leocadia, Patrona de Toledo,
e1 Sr. Cardenal, don Antonio Caiiizares Llovera, fue nombrato como Prefecto de
la Congregaci6n para e1 Culto Divino y la Disciplina de los Sacramentos.