Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice

77 Pages·2014·2.53 MB·English

by  Heidi Smith

Journal of
Higher Education Theory and Practice

North American Business Press

Atlanta – Seattle – South Florida - Toronto

Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice

Editor
Dr. Donna Mitchell

Editor-In-Chief
Dr. David Smith

NABP EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Dr. Nusrate Aziz - MULTIMEDIA UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA
Dr. Andy Bertsch - MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Jacob Bikker - UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, NETHERLANDS
Dr. Bill Bommer - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO
Dr. Michael Bond - UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
Dr. Charles Butler - COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Jon Carrick - STETSON UNIVERSITY
Dr. Min Carter – TROY UNIVERSITY
Dr. Mondher Cherif - REIMS, FRANCE
Dr. Daniel Condon - DOMINICAN UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO
Dr. Bahram Dadgostar - LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, CANADA
Dr. Deborah Erdos-Knapp - KENT STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Bruce Forster - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, KEARNEY
Dr. Nancy Furlow - MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY
Dr. Mark Gershon - TEMPLE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Philippe Gregoire - UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL, CANADA
Dr. Donald Grunewald - IONA COLLEGE
Dr. Samanthala Hettihewa - UNIVERSITY OF BALLARAT, AUSTRALIA
Dr. Russell Kashian - UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, WHITEWATER
Dr. Jeffrey Kennedy - PALM BEACH ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY
Dr. Dean Koutramanis - UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA
Dr. Malek Lashgari - UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD
Dr. Priscilla Liang - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHANNEL ISLANDS
Dr. Tony Matias - MATIAS AND ASSOCIATES
Dr. Patti Meglich - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, OMAHA
Dr. Robert Metts - UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO
Dr. Adil Mouhammed - UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, SPRINGFIELD
Dr. Shiva Nadavulakere – SAGINAW VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Roy Pearson - COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
Dr. Veena Prabhu - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES
Dr. Sergiy Rakhmayil - RYERSON UNIVERSITY, CANADA
Dr. Fabrizio Rossi - UNIVERSITY OF CASSINO, ITALY
Dr. Robert Scherer – UNIVERSITY OF DALLAS
Dr. Ira Sohn - MONTCLAIR STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Reginal Sheppard - UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA
Dr. Carlos Spaht - LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, SHREVEPORT
Dr. Ken Thorpe - EMORY UNIVERSITY
Dr. Robert Tian – SHANTOU UNIVERSITY, CHINA
Dr. Calin Valsan - BISHOP'S UNIVERSITY, CANADA
Dr. Anne Walsh - LA SALLE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Thomas Verney - SHIPPENSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY
Dr. Christopher Wright - UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA
Volume 14(5)
ISSN 2158-3595

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Atlanta - Seattle – South Florida - Toronto

©Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice 2014

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This Issue

Exercise, Chronic Disease and Immunology ............................................................................................ 9
Fred K. Schack

Exercise has been shown to prevent, relieve, heal, and/or manage many chronic diseases. Since exercise
has these effects on the human body, then by default, it strengthens the immune system because the
immune system does not have to work as hard to protect these systems since they are protecting
themselves.

Role Modeling: The Forgotten Part of Elementary School Physical Education ................................. 18
Brent D. Bradford, Clive N. Hickson, Ashleigh K. Evaniew

Role modeling is a powerful teaching tool. With the skills, talents and attitudes teachers possess or lack,
they are one of the key, perhaps the most important, building blocks of the educational system. Teachers
who take pride in being physically active and demonstrate motor skills during physical education lessons
can influence school children positively. The purpose of this article is to communicate the importance of
“teacher as a role model” in physical education. It seems, however, that in our schools, role modeling
can be a forgotten element of teaching. Hence, this is an issue that deserves further consideration and
discussion.

E-Mentoring: Examining the Feasibility of Electronic, Online, or Distance Mentoring .................... 24
James E. Wilbanks

Mentoring has been studied extensively and found to provide many benefits to protégés, organizations,
and mentors. One new aspect that has received increasing scholarly attention is E-Mentoring, or
mentoring which takes place primarily through electronic means. The purpose of this paper is to examine
the promise of electronic mentoring as an online-learning tool. First, I briefly review the established
research findings on traditional mentoring. Next I review the current state of research on E-mentoring.
Then I summarize and discuss the potential benefits and challenges of online versus face-to-face
mentoring. Finally, I discuss the implications for both research and practice.

A Path Less Traveled: Fostering STEM Majors’ Professional Identity
Development Through Engagement as STEM Learning Assistants .................................................... 29
Louis S. Nadelson, Jillana Finnegan

Professional identity development of undergraduate STEM majors is associated with their retention,
engagement, and career success. Student professional identity development is posited to occur when
students engage in professional roles. Learning assistants (peer learning facilitators) assume roles of
authority, leadership, and content experts, which we posited would foster a more mastery perspective of
learning (focused on concepts over facts) and internalize perceptions of themselves as professionals. Our
research on a group of STEM education learning assistants revealed over time the students tended to shift
toward a mastery perspective of learning and used internal cues to communicate their professional
identity.
Consumer-Based Higher Education: The Uncaring of Learning ......................................................... 42
Molly B. Kerby, Kristi R. Branham, Gayle M. Mallinger

The business model approach in higher education gained traction in the 1980s when federal and state
funding for universities and colleges began to decrease. Critics of this model contend that current funding
structures undermine the mission of the higher education and negatively impact retention (Rabovsky
2012). As Astin (1997) suggested, the structure of the American college and university system is more
complex than the concept of customer satisfaction and efficiency. Past research indicates that we have
created an institutionalized uncaring of learning. The business model is broken, lacks resilience, and is
not sustainable.

Connecting Two Student Cultures: Using a Blog to Enhance
International Marketing Cultural Insights ............................................................................................. 55
Tyler Laird-Magee

In three weeks how can Chinese undergraduates in central China successfully select, adjust, and
approach introducing a Chinese product in America, never having taken a marketing class before? An
internet blog proved a good solution as Chinese group members used it as a core learning tool to gather
primary data from chosen American student bloggers to complete their Country Notebook assignment.
This blog also gave tremendous insights into Chinese culture for both the American students and
professor. Cross-cultural assignments, created for this international marketing class, better inform
cultural discussions in the author’s same course taught in an American classroom.

Does a University Financial Literacy Course Change Financial Behavior? ........................................ 63
Vicki J. Jobst

A financial literacy course was established five years ago at a small Midwestern university to improve the
financial management habits of its students. This study is a program review of the course using Jacobs’
1988 five-tiered evaluation model, as modified by Fox, Bartholomae and Lee in 2005. Current and past
students of the course, along with a control group of students were surveyed. Quantitative and qualitative
analysis results revealed an increased student awareness of some positive financial behaviors and a
decrease in the number of students having difficulty managing money from the beginning to the ending of
the course.
GUIDELINES FOR SUBMISSION

Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice
(JHETP)

Domain Statement

The Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice (JHETP) is dedicated to the
advancement and dissemination of academic and intellectual knowledge by publishing, through a
blind, refereed process, ongoing results of research in accordance with international scientific or
scholarly standards. Articles should combine disciplinary methods with key insight to
contemporary issues central to faculty, administrators, and industry specialists. Articles of
regional interest are welcome, especially those dealing with lessons that may be applied in other
regions around the world. Accepted manuscripts should make strong empirical and/or theoretical
contributions and highlight the significance of those contributions to the higher education field.

Objectives

1. Generate an exchange of ideas between scholars, practitioners and industry specialists
2. Enhance the development of theory and application useful to faculty and administrators
3. Provide an additional outlet for scholars and experts to contribute their research findings in
the area of higher education

Submission Format

Articles should be submitted following the American Psychological Association format.
Articles should not be more than 30 double-spaced, typed pages in length including all figures,
graphs, references, and appendices. Submit two hard copies of manuscript along with a disk
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When a manuscript is accepted for publication, author(s) must provide format-ready copy of
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copies of the issue in which his or her article is published without charge. All articles printed by
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the Editor. Questions and submissions should be addressed to:

North American Business Press
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[email protected]
866-624-2458
Exercise, Chronic Disease and Immunology

Fred K. Schack
George Mason University

Exercise has been shown to prevent, relieve, heal, and/or manage many chronic diseases. Since exercise
has these effects on the human body, then by default, it strengthens the immune system because the
immune system does not have to work as hard to protect these systems since they are protecting
themselves.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic disease may be one of the more difficult conditions to manage. However, research has shown
that exercise, under proper supervision, is probably the most crucial variable to prevent as well as manage
most chronic disease conditions. It is probably the least expensive prescription physicians can make for
their patients, but is probably the least used. It may be easier for physicians to prescribe drugs to manage
many chronic disease conditions rather than recommend exercise. This is not surprising considering the
pharmaceutical industry’s presence in the medical profession.
The information presented here is a brief summary of exercise research in the management of chronic
disease. It will give physical educators, physicians and other health professionals that work in the chronic
disease area information and insight into how exercise can have a significant effect on the healing/
management process of chronic diseases. And, lastly, since exercise strengthens all systems, the immune
system is significantly improved since it does not have to interact as often or as intently because “the
systems” themselves become self-sustaining.

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON CHRONIC DISEASE AND EXERCISE

This information is a snapshot of the research on some chronic diseases. It will highlight these
diseases and how exercise can prevent, relieve and/or manage these conditions without drugs. In general,
it has been reported (Lee, Paffenbarger, and Hennekens, 1997) that numerous studies have demonstrated
that higher levels of physical activity are associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as
coronary heart disease, hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDDM), cancer, as well
as osteoporosis.
Although children may not have some of these diseases now, they may have the propensity for them
based on their genetic history and/or environmental practices, such as having diets high in sugar and
carbohydrates which will lead to overweight and adult-onset (Type II) diabetes. In fact it has been
reported that children as young as four have been diagnosed with adult-onset diabetes (American Diabetes
Association, 2000).

Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice vol. 14(5) 2014 9
Arthritis
One of the issues with those individuals afflicted with arthritis, whether rheumatoid arthritis or
osteoarthritis, is inactivity. Inactivity often leads to reduced range of motion and when movement does
occur, it is often painful! Exercise is considered an important treatment for those suffering from arthritis
(Ytterberg, S.R., Mahowald, M.L., and Krug, H.E, 1994, Butler, et. al, 1998, 1Harms, et. al., 2011).
Appropriate exercise that requires as much range of motion as possible provides for muscle stimulation as
well as joint mobility. Pain is usually reduced as well. Exercise results in less pain, increased mobility,
and greater ability to handle daily tasks.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Alzheimer’s Disease is probably one of the more devastating diseases of our time, in particular
because of the numbers of people who have been affected by it, not just the patient with AD. Some of the
more recent research has shown a relatively high proportion of those who exercise regularly had a delay in
onset of dementia and Alzheimer disease, further supporting its value for elderly persons (Larson, et al.,
2006). For those already in the early stages of AD, participation and low intensity exercise the individual
can successfully accomplish are very important in order to establish a regular routine the client can
sustain for as long as possible. In the mid to later stages of AD, the exercises should become simpler and
the exercise leader should know the criteria that will require terminating the program. Although exercise
should be done in the early part of the day due to the potential for agitation and restlessness as the day
10 Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice vol. 14(5) 2014