Table Of ContentRichard of Holy Trinity
Itinerary of Richard I and others
to the Holy Land
(formerly ascribed to Geoffrey de Vinsauf)
translated by
A Classical Scholar
and
A Gentleman Well-Read in Medi(cid:190)val History
In parentheses Publications
Medieval Latin Series
Cambridge, Ontario 2001
Prologue
To the Itinerary of those who went in pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the
time of Saladin, and to the exploits of Richard king of England, and of the king of
France, and of the emperor of Germany.
It sometimes happens, that exploits, however well known and
splendidly achieved, come, by length of time, to be less known to fame, or
even forgotten among posterity. In this manner the renown of many kings
has faded, and their deeds have sunk with them into the grave where their
bodies lie buried (cid:209) deeds that had been performed with great splendour,
and were much celebrated in their own times, when their novelty brought
them into favour, and unanimous applause set them up as models before
the people. The ancient Greeks, aware of this, were wise enough to use the
pen as a remedy against oblivion, and zealously stimulated their writers,
whom they termed historiographers, to compile histories of noble deeds.
Thus the silence of the living voice was supplied by the voice of writing, so
that the virtues of men might not die with them. The Romans, emulating
the Greeks, with the view of perpetuating merit, not only employed the
service of the pen, but also added sculpture: and thus by exhibiting the
ancients they excited their descendants, and impressed the love of virtue
the more strongly on the minds of its imitators, conveying it in various
ways, both through their eyes and through their ears. Who would now
know anything about the voyage of Jason, the labours of Hercules, the
glory of Alexander, or the victories of C(cid:190)sar, if it had not been for the
service which writers have rendered? And, to adduce the examples of the
Holy Fathers, I may say, that neither the patience of Job, the liberality of
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Abraham, nor the gentleness of David, would have remained as an
example among the faithful of after-ages, if antiquity, with a due
appreciation of truth, had not bequeathed history for our perusal. Indeed,
kings formerly, when they became the objects of praise, were most anxious,
that, whilst they stood high in the estimation of their contemporaries, they
might also descend to the knowledge of posterity. However numerous
have been the historians, most of them have recorded what they heard; few
what they have seen. If Dares Phrygius1 is more readily believed about the
destruction of Troy, because he was an eyewitness of what others related
only on hearsay, we also, who treat of the history of Jerusalem, are justly
entitled to credit; for we testify what we have seen, and celebrate these
deeds with the pen, whilst our memory of them retains its freshness. If the
fastidious reader require a more elegant style, let him consider that we
wrote while in the camp, and that the noise of war did not admit of calm
and silent meditation. Truth has charms enough in herself, and even
though not decked out in pompous array, still possesses sufficient
attractions for all who are desirous of learning her secrets.
1
Dares Phrygius, now universally acknowledged to be a forgery, was nevertheless one
of the most popular writers of the middle ages. Historical and literary criticism being
then at a very low ebb, few, if any, suspected the truth of a writer who boasted that he
had been present at the war of Troy.
3
Book I.
Chapter I. (cid:209) In the year of the Incarnate Word 1187, when Urban III. held
the government of the Apostolic See, and Frederic was emperor of
Germany; when Isaac was reigning at Constantinople, Philip in France,
Henry in England, and William in Sicily, the Lord(cid:213)s hand fell heavy upon
his people, if indeed it is right to call those his people, whom uncleanness
of life and habits, and the foulness of their vices, had alienated from his
favour. Their licentiousness had indeed become so flagrant that they all of
them, casting aside the veil of shame, rushed headlong, in the face of day,
into crime. It would be a long task and incompatible with our present
purpose to disclose the scenes of blood, robbery, and adultery, which
disgraced them, for this work of mine is a history of deeds and not a moral
treatise: but when the ancient enemy had diffused, far and near, the spirit
of corruption, he more especially took possession of the land of Syria, so
that other nations now drew an example of uncleanness from the same
source which formerly had supplied them with the elements of religion.
For this cause, therefore, the Lord seeing that the land of his birth and place
of his passion had sunk into an abyss of turpitude, treated with neglect his
inheritance, and suffered Saladin, the rod of his wrath, to put forth his fury
to the destruction of that stiff-necked people; for he would rather that the
Holy Land should, for a short time, be subject to the profane rites of the
heathen, than that it should any longer be possessed by those men, whom
no regard for what is right could deter from things unlawful. The approach
of future destruction was foretold by divers events: famine, earthquakes,
and frequent eclipses, both of the sun and of the moon. And that strong
wind also, which astronomers prophesied would spring out of the
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conjunction of the planets, became changed to the signification of this
event. It was a mighty wind indeed; it shook the four cardinal points of the
earth, and foreshewed that the whole of the globe was about to be stirred
up to troubles and wars.
Chapter II. (cid:209) How Saladin invaded Palestine.
Saladin, therefore, having assembled his bands of warriors, violently
assailed Palestine, and sent forward Manafaradin, admiral of Edessa, with
7,000 Turks, to ravage the Holy Land. This man, when he had marched as
far as the parts about Tiberias, was there encountered by Gerard de
Riddeford, master of the Templars,2 and Roger de Moulins, master of the
Hospital; one of whom they routed and put to flight, and slew the other in
a sudden attack. In this battle a few of our soldiers were cut off and
surrounded by an immense multitude, which led to an achievement of
distinction which deserves to be recorded. A certain knight of the Temple,
by birth a German, named Jakeline de Maill(cid:142), by his extraordinary valour
provoked the enemy to turn all their attacks on him. His fellow-soldiers,
who were estimated about 500 in number, were all either taken or slain,
and he alone sustained the weight of the whole battle, (cid:209) a glorious
champion for God(cid:213)s law! At length, hemmed in by the enemy(cid:213)s troops, and
destitute of all human aid, seeing so many thousands rushing upon him on
every side, he gathered up his whole courage for an effort, and bravely
faced the foe alone. His valour attracted the admiration of his enemies; they
were filled with compassion for him, and called earnestly to him to
surrender. He, however, turning a deaf ear to their exhortations, was not
afraid to die for Christ, but overwhelmed with the load of javelins, stones,
and lances, rather than vanquished, he at length was with difficulty slain,
2
There is some doubt whether the grand master of the Templars at this time was named
Riddeford or Biddeford. The readings of the MSS. vary between Riddeford, Biddeford,
and Tiddeford, but probability seems to be in favour of the first. After the battle, Roger
de Moulins was found dead among a heap of Turks and Saracens whom he had slain
with his own hand. Jacqueline de Maill(cid:142) was the marshal of the Temple.
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and his soul fled triumphant, bearing the palm of martyrdom, to the
heavenly kingdom. His death indeed was rendered glorious, since by his
single sword so large a circle of dead bodies had been heaped around him.
It was sweet for a man to die thus, himself in the centre, surrounded by the
unbelievers whom his brave arm had slaughtered. [And inasmuch as he
rode on a white horse and fought that day in white armour, the idolaters
who know St. Gregory to have fought in such costume, boasted that they
had slain the knight of the white armour, who was the bulwark of the
Christians.3] There was, in the place of this conflict, some stubble which the
reaper had left after the ears had been cut off a short time before, but the
Turks had rushed over it in such multitudes, and this single champion had
held out so long against them, that the field in which they stood was
wholly trampled to dust, and showed no signs of a crop of corn ever
having grown there. It is said, there were some who sprinkled the limbs of
the dead man with dust, which they afterwards placed on their own heads,
believing that they derived force from the contact; and one man, as is said,
more ardent than the rest, cut off certain members of the man, and kept
them for his own use, that even though dead they might perchance
produce a successor to such distinguished valour.
Chapter III. (cid:209) Of the origin of Saladin.
At this victory Saladin rejoiced greatly; and fired with the ambition of
gaining the kingdom turned his thoughts to still greater deeds. But that
future ages may know more of this persecutor of the Christian name, I will
premise a few particulars of his origin, as far as the brevity at which I aim
will allow. He was of the race of the Mirmur(cid:190)ni, the son of parents who
were not noble, though not a plebeian of obscure birth. His father was
called Job, and his own name was Joseph. For according to the tradition of
Mahomet, it is customary among many of the heathens, when they
3
This passage is omitted in some and is very likely to be spurious. May we not read St.
George instead of St. Gregory?
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circumcise their children, to give them, Hebrew names also; but their
princes, that they may be admonished by their names to be zealous
defenders of the Mahometan law, take their own names from the very
name of that law. Now, law in their language, is Hadin. Hence Saladin is so
called as the upholder of the law; and, as our princes are called either
emperors or kings, so theirs are called sultans (soldani), as it were sold-
dominants.4 Now Saladin, under Noradin, sultan of Damascus, as a first
omen of his power, began by raising an infamous tribute for himself out of
the venal courtezans of that city; for he would not allow them to exercise
their profession until they had first purchased of him a license. Whatever
money he obtained by this base patronage, he lavishly expended on
players, and so under the plea of largess, he concealed the design of
obtaining the venal favour of the multitude. He was led to aspire at
sovereignty by the prediction of a certain Syrian, that he should obtain the
government of Damascus and Babylon.5 Thus he arranged in his own mind
the different steps to power, and soon began to aim at more than a
kingdom of a small or limited dimensions. In process of time, when his
years were matured and he was fit for military service, he came to Enfrid of
Tours, the illustrious prince of Palestine, to be mantled, and after the
manner of the Franks, received from him the belt of knighthood.
Chapter IV. (cid:209) How Saladin seized on the kingdoms of Egypt and Damascus,
with India and other countries.
At that time a certain Mahometan, named Sewar, governed all Egypt,
under Molanus, whom they called Lord in the language of their country,
and he had been compelled to pay tribute to Amalric, the victorious king of
Jerusalem. Now Molanus shewed himself only three times a year to the
4
This must be considered rather as a monkish pun, than as offered for a derivation of
the Saracenic word.
5
The Babylon referred to is of course Babylon in Egypt, now Fostat the seat of the
Fatimite khalifs.
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Egyptians, who made adoration to him on those occasions, and all his
subjects bought him so powerful, that it was said the Nile overflowed at his
command. Moreover, in obedience to the statutes of the heathen law, he
had as many concubines as there are days in the year, and so passing his
life in his harem, he gave up all the business of his kingdom to Sewar. At
this time Saladin, with his uncle, Saracun, was serving in Egypt, and by an
act of treachery, he put to death Molanus and Sewar, and thus gained for
himself the sovereignty of Egypt. Not long after, Noradin died, and
Saladin, marrying the widow, expelled the lawful heirs, and secured for
himself through her the possession of their kingdom. Thus the caprice of
fortune brought about the establishment of his great power; she is able to
make a rich man out of a poor one: a great man out of a little one; and a
lord out of a peasant. If things were measured by judgment, and not by
opinion, all earthly power, which can be gained by the wicked and the
unworthy, would be estimated as dross. That patron of prostitutes, whose
power was among stews, his campaigns in a tavern, his studies among dice
and garlic, is suddenly lifted up; he sits among princes, and is even greater
than princes; he rules on the throne of Egypt; subdues Damascus; occupies
the lands of Roasia and Gesyra, and carries his sovereignty to the centre of
India Citerior. Wherefore he assails also and subdues the neighbouring
kingdoms, at one time by arms, at another time by deceit, and making one
monarchy out of several sceptres, arrogates to himself alone the power of
so many kings. Neither is the tyrant(cid:213)s cupidity ever gratified; the more he
gets the more he covets, and strives with all his power to occupy the land
which is the inheritance of our Lord. At length an opportunity arose
favourable to his wishes, and he hoped to obtain what he never before
presumed to hope for. For Raimund, count of Tripoli, and Guy, the eighth
king of the Latins,6 quarrelled for the sovereignty, and a fatal sedition arose
among the people.
6
This was Guy de Lusignan, king of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1191. If we count from
Godfrey de Bouillon, Guy was the ninth, and not the eighth, of the Latin kings of
Jerusalem.
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Chapter V. (cid:209) Of the immense army with which Saladin attacked the army of the
Christians, and captured our Lord(cid:213)s cross with the king Guy, and Acre, and
reduced to submission the Land of Promise.
The opportunity above mentioned at once roused his ambitious
mind, and promised him a brilliant and sure success. Moreover it was not
altogether without cause that the sultan declared war; Reginald, prince of
Antioch, having broken the terms of truce, which had been agreed upon
between our people and the unbelievers. For once upon a time, when a
large and wealthy caravan of Mahometans were passing from Damascus to
Egypt, and, trusting to the truce, did not hesitate to pass over the frontiers
of the Christian territories, the aforesaid prince suddenly attacked them,
and dishonourably carried them off prisoners, together with all their
baggage. The sultan, excited on one side by his ambition, and on the other
moved with indignation at the outrage, raised all the strength of his
kingdom, and assailed with power and impetuosity the territories of
Jerusalem. If the number of men, the variety of nations, and the diversity of
religions were fully described, as the law of history demands, my plan of
brevity would be interrupted by the ample details of such a narrative:
Parthians, Bedouins, Arabs, Medes, Cordians, and Egyptians, though
differing in country, religion, and name, were all aroused with one accord
to the destruction of the Holy Land. As our troops were marching to meet
them, and the fatal day approached, a fearful vision was seen by the king(cid:213)s
chamberlain, who dreamt that an eagle flew past the Christian army,
bearing seven missiles and a balista in its talons, and crying with a loud
voice, (cid:210)Woe to thee, Jerusalem!(cid:211) To explain the mystery of this vision, we
need, I think, only take the words of Scripture; (cid:210)The Lord hath bent his
bow, and in it prepared the vessels of death.(cid:211) What are the seven missiles,
but a figure for the seven sins by which that unhappy army was soon to
perish? By this number, seven, may also be understood the number of
punishments that impended over the Christians, which was some time
after fulfilled by the event, that too faithful and terrible interpreter of
omens. The battle had not begun, when, the armies having been drawn out
at a short distance from Tiberias, at a place called the Marescallia, the Lord
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hemmed in his people with the sword, and as a punishment for the sins of
men, gave over his inheritance to slaughter and devastation. What need I
say more? Neither the plan of my work, nor the immensity of the calamity,
allows me to find lamentations for all its details. However, to sum all up in
few words, so many were slain there, so many wounded, and so many cast
into prison, that the destruction of our people drew pity even from the
enemies. That vivifying wood of the cross of our salvation, on which our
Lord and Redeemer hung, and down whose shaft the holy blood of Christ
flowed, the sign of which is adored by angels, venerated by men, and
feared by devils, under whose protection our men have always been
victors in war, alas! is now captured by the enemy, and the two bearers of
the cross, the bishop of Acre, and the precentor of our Lord(cid:213)s tomb (the
bishop of St. George), fell with it, the one slain, the other a prisoner. This
was the second indignity, since Chosroes, king of the Persians, which that
holy cross endured for our sins; it had redeemed us from the old yoke of
captivity, and now it was captured from us, and soiled by the profane
hands of the unbelievers.
Let him that hath intelligence consider how fierce must have been
God(cid:213)s wrath, how great the iniquity of his servants, when unbelievers were
deemed less unworthy than Christians to become its guardians. Nothing
ever happened so lamentable in all ancient times; for neither the captivity
of God(cid:213)s ark, nor that of the kings of Judah, can compare with the calamity
of our own times, by which the king and the glorious cross are taken
captive together. Of the other prisoners, whose number was both
extraordinary and lamentable, part were reserved unhurt to be placed at
the victor(cid:213)s disposal, part were dispatched with the sword, and so found a
happy and short byroad to heaven! Among others was Reginald prince of
Antioch: he was led into the presence of the sultan, and that tyrant, either
following the impulse of his passion, or envious of the great excellence of
the man, cut off with his own hand that veteran and aged head. All the
Templars also who were taken, except their master, he ordered to be
decapitated, wishing utterly to exterminate those whom he knew to be
valiant above all others in battle. O what faith, what fervour of mind was
theirs! How many assumed the tonsure of the Templars, and flocked
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