Introductory Biomechanics - From Cells to Organisms

545 Pages·2007·13.45 MB·English

by  C. Ross Ethier

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IntroductoryBiomechanics
FromCellstoOrganisms
IntroductoryBiomechanicsisanew,integratedtextwrittenspecificallyfor
engineeringstudents.Itprovidesabroadoverviewofthisimportantbranchofthe
rapidlygrowingfieldofbioengineering.Awideselectionoftopicsispresented,
rangingfromthemechanicsofsinglecellstothedynamicsofhumanmovement.
Nopriorbiologicalknowledgeisassumedandineachchapter,therelevant
anatomyandphysiologyarefirstdescribed.Thebiologicalsystemisthen
analyzedfromamechanicalviewpointbyreducingittoitsessentialelements,
usingthelawsofmechanics,andthenlinkingmechanicalinsightsbackto
biologicalfunction.Thisintegratedapproachprovidesstudentswithadeeper
understandingofboththemechanicsandthebiologythanthatobtainedfrom
qualitativestudyalone.Thetextissupportedbyawealthofillustrations,tables,
andexamples,alargeselectionofsuitableproblemsandmanycurrentreferences,
makingitanessentialtextbookforanybiomechanicscourse.
C.RossEthierisaProfessorofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,the
CanadaResearchChairinComputationalMechanics,andtheDirectorofthe
InstituteofBiomaterialsandBiomedicalEngineeringattheUniversityofToronto,
withcross-appointmenttotheDepartmentofOphthalmologyandVisionSciences.
Hisresearchfocusesonbiomechanicalfactorsinglaucomaandonbloodflowand
masstransferinthelargearteries.Hehastaughtbiomechanicsforover10years.
CraigA.SimmonsistheCanadaResearchChairinMechanobiologyandan
AssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineeringat
theUniversityofToronto,withcross-appointmentstotheInstituteofBiomaterials
andBiomedicalEngineeringandtheFacultyofDentistry.Hisresearchinterests
includecellandtissuebiomechanicsandcellmechanobiology,particularlyasit
relatestotissueengineeringandheartvalvedisease.
CambridgeTextsinBiomedicalEngineering
SeriesEditors
ProfessorMarkSaltzman YaleUniversity
ProfessorShuChien UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego
ProfessorWilliamHendee MedicalCollegeofWisconsin
ProfessorRogerKamm MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
ProfessorRobertMalkin DukeUniversity
ProfessorAlisonNoble OxfordUniversity
CambridgeTextsinBiomedicalEngineeringprovidesaforumforhigh-quality,
accessibletextbookstargetedatundergraduateandgraduatecoursesinbiomedical
engineering.Itwillcoverabroadrangeofbiomedicalengineeringtopicsfrom
introductorytextstoadvancedtopicsincluding,butnotlimitedto,biomechanics,
physiology,biomedicalinstrumentation,imaging,signalsandsystems,cell
engineering,andbioinformatics.Theserieswillblendtheoryandpractice,aimed
primarilyatbiomedicalengineeringstudentsbutwillbesuitableforbroader
coursesinengineering,thelifesciencesandmedicine.
Introductory Biomechanics
From Cells to Organisms
C. Ross Ethier and Craig A. Simmons
UniversityofToronto,Canada
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Informationo nthi stitle :www.cambri dge.org/9780521841122
© C. R. Ethier and C. A. Simmons 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2007
ISBN-13 978-0-511-27360-5 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-27360-6 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-84112-2 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-84112-7 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Tomyfamily,whomakeitallworthwhile.
c. ross ethier
ToDeborah,
andtomyparents,whoinspiredmyloveoflearning.
craig a. simmons

Contents
Aboutthecover page xii
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Abriefhistoryofbiomechanics 3
1.2 Anoutlineofthisbook 12
References 15
2 Cellularbiomechanics 18
2.1 Introductiontoeukaryoticcellulararchitecture 18
2.2 Thecell’senergysystem 22
2.3 Overviewofthecytoskeleton 23
2.3.1 Actinfilaments 25
2.3.2 Intermediatefilaments 28
2.3.3 Microtubules 28
2.4 Cell–matrixinteractions 29
2.5 Methodstomeasurethemechanicalpropertiesofcells
andbiomolecules 35
2.5.1 Atomicforcemicroscopy 35
2.5.2 Opticaltrapping(“opticaltweezers”) 41
2.5.3 Magneticbeadmicrorheometry 42
2.5.4 Micropipetteaspiration 43
2.6 Modelsofcellularbiomechanicalbehavior 53
2.6.1 Lumpedparameterviscoelasticmodelofthecell 54
2.6.2 Tensegritymodelofthecytoskeleton 60
2.6.3 Modelingactinfilamentsasafoam 69
2.6.4 Computationalmodelofachondrocyteinitsmatrix 72
2.7 Mechanotransduction:howdocellssenseandrespondto
mechanicalevents? 76
2.7.1 Mechanoreceptors 76
2.7.2 Intracellularsignaltransduction 78
2.7.3 Cellularresponsetomechanicalsignals 80
viii Contents
2.8 Techniquesformechanicalstimulationofcells 80
2.8.1 Compressiveloading 81
2.8.2 Stretching 82
2.8.3 Fluidflow 86
2.9 Summaryofmechanobiologicaleffectsoncellsin
selectedtissues 90
2.9.1 Endothelialcellsinthevascularsystem 91
2.9.2 Smoothmusclecellsinvasculartissue 93
2.9.3 Chondrocytesinarticularcartilage 94
2.9.4 Osteoblastsandosteocytesinbone 95
2.10 Problems 99
References 111
3 Hemodynamics 119
3.1 Bloodrheology 119
3.1.1 Bloodcomposition 121
3.1.2 Relationshipbetweenbloodcompositionandrheology 124
3.1.3 Constitutiveequationforblood 129
3.2 Largearteryhemodynamics 130
3.2.1 Physicalcharacteristicsofbloodflowpatternsinvivo 130
3.2.2 Steadybloodflowatlowflowrates 133
3.2.3 Unsteadyflowinlargevessels 138
3.3 Bloodflowinsmallvessels 142
3.3.1 Fahraeus–Lindqvisteffect 143
3.3.2 “Inverse”Fahraeus–Lindqvisteffect 146
3.4 Problems 147
References 161
4 Thecirculatorysystem 164
4.1 Anatomyofthevasculature 164
4.2 Theheart 169
4.2.1 Grossanatomyoftheheart 171
4.2.2 Qualitativedescriptionofcardiacpumping 172
4.2.3 Cardiacpumpingpowerandventricularfunction 175
4.3 Arterialpulsepropagation 179
4.3.1 Systolicanddiastolicpressure 179
4.3.2 Windkesselmodel 180
4.3.3 Arterialwallstructureandelasticity 183
4.3.4 Elasticwaves 186
4.3.5 Pressure–flowrelationships:purelyoscillatoryflow 194