Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: The Musculoskeletal System Vol 1

111 Pages·2015·14.83 MB·English

by  Mitchell

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Only a Master Designer,
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the creator God of the universe, N
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could be responsible for the
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complexity in you!
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Wonders of the Human Body is an exploration of the
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awe-inspiring creation that is the human body. Nothing

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else in the universe is quite like it! Your body is delicate yet
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powerful; incredibly complex but at times amazingly simple.
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We will explore the structure, function, and regulation of
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the body in detail.
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The Musculoskeletal System, the first volume of Wonders
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of the Human Body, opens with the building blocks of your
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body—the cells.

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Your body is built from many kinds of cells and tissues, O
and you will learn how they work. Even the bones and
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muscles that give you strength and speed depend on many Y
types of cells. This book will: :
V
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• Show you the ins and outs of the bones in your skeleton and
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how they function
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• Give detail as to how your marvelous muscles move you M
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• Provide a detailed glossary in the back for quick reference!

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Throughout the book you will learn things to do to keep your
body healthy. But in a fallen, cursed world things are bound
to go wrong. We will look at what happens when disease or
injury affects bones and muscles.
Get ready to explore the
Dr. Tommy Mitchell, a Vanderbilt
University School of Medicine
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graduate, is a board-certified internal
medicine physician who left his An osteon in a compact bone IT
medical practice in Tennessee C
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in 2006 when asked to
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become a speaker for JUVENILE NONFICTION/Science &
Nature/Anatomy & Physiology L
Answers in Genesis. L
SCIENCE/Life Sciences/Anatomy &
Using communication skills Physiology
developed over two decades $17.99 U.S.
of medical practice, he is able ISBN-13: 978-0-89051-865-6
to connect with people at all E
A
educational levels and unveil ® N
the truth that can change
their lives.
First printing: May 2015
Copyright © 2015 by Tommy Mitchell. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations in articles
and reviews. For information write:
Master Books®,
P.O. Box 726, Green Forest, AR 72638
Master Books® is a division of the
New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc.
ISBN: 978-0-89051-865-6
Library of Congress Number: 2015930890
Cover by Diana Bogardus
Interior by Jennifer Bauer
Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations are from the
New King James Version of the Bible.
Please consider requesting that a copy of this volume be
purchased by your local library system.
Printed in China
Please visit our website for other great titles:
www.masterbooks.net
For information regarding author interviews, please
contact the publicity department at [phone].
Dedication
For my beloved wife, Elizabeth
Cross section of glandular ducts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section One: Foundations ..........................4
1. Introduction ........................................6
2. Cells ..................................................10
3. Tissues ..............................................28
4. Organs & Organ Systems .................34
5. Homeostasis .....................................38
Section Two: The Skeletal System .........40
1. Functions of the Skeletal System .....42
2. Bones ................................................44
3. The Skeleton .....................................60
Section Three: The Muscular System ........78
1. Muscle Basics....................................80
2. Muscles…How They Move Me! .......92
Glossary ...................................................102
Index .......................................................108
This book is introductory to the anatomy and physiology series,
so you’ve come to the perfect starting off place! You’ll be learning
about cells, the basic building blocks of the body; tissues, a group
of cells that perform similar or related functions; organs, which
are tissues that function together; and homeostasis, which is the
balance found among all your body functions. God created us and
so He knows best how to care for us through all He has made!
“Where were you when I laid the For You formed my inward parts; You
foundations of the earth?” God asked covered me in my mother’s womb. I
this questions of Job (38:4), referring to will praise You, for I am fearfully and
the creation of the world. A foundation is wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your
the starting place for building something, works, And that my soul knows very well.
and a good foundation is needed to My frame was not hidden from You, When I
create something that will last. Just as was made in secret, And skillfully wrought in
God created the heavens and the earth, the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw
He created us as well, and knows us my substance, being yet unformed. And in
more deeply and intricately than science Your book they all were written, The days
will ever be able to grasp. fashioned for me, When as yet there were
none of them (Psalm 139:13–16).
Cells help take in oxygen from the air
and carry it throughout the body.
The bones in the skeleton cannot
remain strong without vitamin D,
which is manufactured by the skin.
There are over 200 different
kinds of cells in the human body.
A little muscle contraction gives
you muscle tone so you don’t
flap like a rag doll.
The cells help stop you from bleeding
and heal those same wounds.
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INTRODUCTION
The human body — two arms and two legs, a head, chest, and tummy — seems
simple on the surface. In reality, however, it is an incredibly designed orchestra
of parts perfectly created to work together. Your body’s parts — from the largest
bones and organs to the smallest molecules and cells — are put together with a
precision no engineer could design. Your body is able to do a remarkable array
of things. And it must do many of them nonstop without your attention. This
series of books will take you on a guided tour of your own body, giving you a
peek into its secrets, large and small, and showing you how it works and how
all its parts are designed to work together. Think of this as an owner’s manual to
the first birthday gift you ever received — the body with which you were born.
Respiratory System Skeletal System Muscular System Digestive System
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INTRODUCTION
The same body that can use a hammer to drive a nail Your digestive system breaks down food into the
can hold a feather without crushing it. The same chemicals you need for energy. Your heart pumps
eyes can take in the expanse of the Grand Canyon blood through miles of blood vessels to deliver
yet detect faint light from stars many light years oxygen and nutrients to the most unseen places.
away. Your lungs enable you to talk and sing without Directed by your brain, you walk, run, throw a ball,
forgetting to take in oxygen and release carbon play a video game, read a book, paint a picture, or
dioxide. If you had to think about breathing, you even play an instrument. However, the same brain
could never go to sleep, for you would die within also controls many essential activities inside your
minutes. body that you are probably not aware of.
What Is Evolution?
In the Bible we read, “In the beginning God created Rather than accepting God as Creator, they believe
the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1). This theme is that billions of years ago, matter just appeared out
repeated time and time again. God is called Creator. In of nowhere. Then, they believe, there was a rapid
John 1:2 it states, “All things were made through him.” expansion of the universe called the big bang. As this
process progressed, the stars and galaxies formed
However, there are many people, Christians and non-
themselves. Then about five billion years ago, our sun
Christians alike, who do not acknowledge Him as the
was formed and later all the planets in our solar system.
One who created all things. Instead, they believe in
something called evolution. They believe our planet was at first a hot molten blob
that eventually cooled and became covered with water.
Then all the substances necessary for living things
appeared. The first simple life form then sprang into
existence by accident.
Then over the next few billion years, living things
became more and more complex until at last man
appeared on the scene. In this view, man is no more
than a cosmic accident, the result of chemicals
bumping together over millions of years. Basically, we
are then just a highly evolved animal. What folly is a
belief such as this!
As we go through our study of the human body, you
will see how absurd it is to think that these marvelously
complex systems assembled themselves by accident.
We are not an accident. We are made in the image of
our wonderful Creator God. God tells us in the Bible
where we came from: “Then God said, ‘Let Us make
man in Our image, according to Our likeness’ ”
(Genesis 1:26).
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Your bones give your body shape and support even You will hear from many people that you are nothing
while they grow, your skin protects you from the more than an animal, a highly evolved one, but an
outside world, your blood carries oxygen and the animal nonetheless. This idea comes from people
tiny tools to fight off harmful germs, your liver who wrongly believe that life evolved through
manufactures chemicals you need while it breaks random processes and all by itself produced increas-
down toxins, and your kidneys rid your blood of ingly complex animals until humans appeared. They
many waste products and help control the amount believe that humans are just animals and not special
of water in your body. The amazing list of unseen at all. God’s Word tells us otherwise.
and unceasing processes that must go on simulta-
neously for your body to work properly goes on In Genesis 1:26 it says, “Then God said, ‘Let Us make
and on. man in Our image, according to Our likeness.’”
Therefore, we are not merely animals. God made
Actually, the amazing thing is that many people human beings in His own image.
think that the human body is a product of chance,
that we are merely an accident. They believe that our But you might say, “Well, we look similar to some
bodies developed on their own as a result of chemical animals, so aren’t we just animals, too?” No, we
reactions occurring over billions of years through a are not. Humans and some animals do share many
process called evolution. similar features, but that does not mean that animals
are our ancestors. All it means is that animals and
Imagine that . . . chemicals combined themselves to humans were all designed by the same God. We share
become alive, and then the human body, so compli- a common designer, not a common ancestor! A wise
cated, so intricate, just assembled itself! Hard to master designer would naturally use variations of
believe, isn’t it? many common designs in the living things He made.
The truth is that we are not an accident. The human Just as words are built of letters and books are built
body was designed by a Master Designer, the Creator from words, so your body is built of organs and
God of the universe. The human body He designed tissues, and all the organs and tissues are made of
is simple enough that a newborn baby instantly cells. Cells are even called the building blocks of life.
begins making it work and quickly learns the most We are going to begin exploring the amazing designs
complex skills. He designed it with sufficient well- of the human body by finding out how the cells of the
orchestrated complexity and built-in control systems major organs work.
so that even before a baby is born the cells in her
body are performing chemical reactions she would
Anatomy
need a college degree to even begin to understand,
and many that the smartest scientists of all are only
beginning to discover. Anatomy is the study of the body’s parts and how
they are put together. Anatomy includes how the
You are marvelously and wonderfully made. Psalm organs look, where they are, and how everything is
139:14, says, “I will praise You, for I am fearfully and connected. Anatomy is the structure of the body.
wonderfully made; marvelous are Your works.” As For example, an anatomical study of the circulatory
you explore the incredible features of the human system includes a study of the heart itself and all
body, remember to praise the Creator God who the blood vessels and their connections to all the
designed the human body and gave one to you. other organs.
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INTRODUCTION
Anatomy includes not just the things you can see
with your eyes, like lungs and kidneys. Anatomy
includes the microscopic structures — the cells and
the tissues (collections of cells) that make up the
larger parts. This study of microscopic anatomy is
called histology.
Physiology
Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body
function. Physiology is the study of how everything
in the body works. For example, physiology of the
circulatory system focuses on how the heart works,
what controls blood circulation and blood pressure,
how oxygen gets into the blood, and how blood
delivers oxygen to the tissues and organs.
If we didn’t understand some physiology, learning
about the human body would just be the dull busi-
ness of memorizing the names and locations of
Groups of cells form tissues. Each kind of tissue can
organs and bones. But when we find out how each
be thought of as one of four basic tissue types —
part works and interacts with other parts, the study
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. These
of the human body really does come alive!
tissues cover, connect, move, and communicate.
More on that later.
Cells and Tissues and
Tissues combine to form more complex structures
Organs, Oh My!
called organs. Organs are groups of tissues that have
a particular function. Lungs, bones, and the brain are
The best way to understand the human body is examples of organs.
not just to memorize its parts but to begin with its
building blocks and then to see how they form the Lastly, we will deal with organ systems. This is where
more complex structures and how they work. We will we will “put things together” by exploring groups
begin with the most basic building block of the body, of organs that work together to do specific things in
the cell. Cells are small but not simple. While cells the body. For example, the bones are all connected
have a simple list of parts — like nucleus, cytoplasm, together as the skeletal system. And all the parts
and cell membrane — these are subdivided into a that process your food — from your mouth and
dizzying list of smaller parts. Many cells are like stomach to your liver and intestines — are part
tiny factories. There are many types of cells in the of the digestive system.
body. For example, there are liver cells, muscle cells,
kidney cells, nerve cells, skin cells, blood cells — well Before we can put it all together we need to go back
. . . you get the idea. to basics, so let’s get going with the cell.
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CELLS
The cell is not only the basic building block of the body but also the basic
“functional unit.” What does that mean? Well, your body does a lot of things
— some things you see and some that you don’t. It moves. It grows. It digests
food, turning some of it into energy, storing some of it, and discarding the
leftovers. It manufactures many kinds of complex chemicals. It tastes, smells,
sees, hears, touches, senses temperature, and feels pain. It takes in oxygen
from the air and carries it all over your body. It fights infection and protects you
from most germs. It stops you from bleeding when you get a cut, and later it
heals the cut. All these “functions” are really performed by or inside cells. That’s
why we say the cell is the smallest “functional unit” of the body. The cell is
where the action is!
Blood Cell Liver Cell Muscle Cell Nerve Cell
Nucleus
Cellular Membrane
Blood vessels in embryonic tissue. The vessels are
lined by endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
and contain inside immature nucleated red blood
cells. (Light microscope micrograph.)