International Relations Theory

449 Pages·2019·4.399 MB·English

by  Mark V. Kauppi, Paul R. Viotti

I n t e r n a t I o n a l
r e l a t I o n s
t h e o r y
s i x t h e D i t i o n
M a r k V. k au p p i
GeorGetown University
pau l r . V i o t t i
University of Denver
rowMAn & LittLefieLD
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
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Executive Editor: Traci Crowell
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Published by Rowman & Littlefield
An imprint of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Inc.
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www.rowman.com
6 Tinworth Street, London SE11 5AL, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2020 by Mark V. Kauppi and Paul R. Viotti
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission
from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
This book was previously published by Pearson Education, Inc.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kauppi, Mark V., author. | Viotti, Paul R., author.
Title: International relations theory / Mark V. Kauppi, University of Denver, Paul R. Viotti, Georgetown
University.
Description: Sixth Edition. | Lanham : ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, [2019] | Fifth edition: 2012. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019016013| ISBN 9781538115688 (Cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538115695
(Paper : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538115701 (Electronic)
Subjects: LCSH: International relations.
Classification: LCC JZ1305 .V56 2019 | DDC 327.101—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.
gov/2019016013
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National
Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO
Z39.48–1992.
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Brief Contents
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Preface xi
 1 Thinking About IR Theory 1
PART I IMAGES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY
 2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 21
 3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 63
 4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and
Postcolonialism 95
 5 The English School: International Society and
Grotian Rationalism 125
PART II  INTERPRETIVE UNDERSTANDINGS AND NORMATIVE
CONSIDERATIONS
 6 Constructivist Understandings 143
 7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Understandings 169
 8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 187
 9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 199
PART III  THE INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS THEORY
10 The Ancients: Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thought 229
11 Greco-Roman Thought and the Middle Ages 295
12 The Rise of the State and Modern Political Thought 337
Glossary 397
Index 415
iii
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Contents
★ ★ ★
Preface xi
1 Thinking About IR Theory 1
Epistemology, Methodology, and Ontology 1
What is Theory? 4
Explanation and Prediction 4
Abstraction and Application 8
Levels of Analysis 8
Images 12
Interpretive Understandings 15
The Intellectual Roots of IR Theory 17
PART I IMAGES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY
2 Realism: The State and Balance of Power 21
Major Actors and Assumptions 21
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 24
Geopolitical Writers 27
Mid-Twentieth-Century Writers 28
Power 32
Definitions 32
Measurement 33
System 34
Game Theory and Anarchy 35
Distribution of Capabilities and the Balance of Power 39
Change 51
Power Transition 51
Globalization and Interdependence 53
Realists and International Cooperation 54
Realists and Their Critics 55
v
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vi   Contents
★
Realism: The Term Itself 55
The System and Determinism 57
Realists and the State 58
Realists and the Balance of Power 58
Realism and Change 59
Realism: The Entire Enterprise 60
References 61
3 Liberalism: Interdependence and Global Governance 63
Major Actors and Assumptions 63
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 65
Interest Group Liberalism 66
International Organization 68
Integration 69
Transnationalism 71
Interdependence 73
International Regimes 74
Neoliberal Institutionalism 76
Global Governance 79
Green Politics and the Environment 81
Economic Interdependence and Peace 83
The Democratic Peace 84
Decision-Making 87
Change and Globalization 90
Liberals and Their Critics 91
Anarchy 91
Theory Building 92
The Democratic Peace 93
Voluntarism 93
References 94
4 Economic Structuralism: Global Capitalism and
Postcolonialism 95
Major Actors and Assumptions 95
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 99
Dependency Theorists 102
ECLA and UNCTAD Arguments 102
Radical Critiques 104
Domestic Forces 105
The Capitalist World-System 106
System 108
Political, Economic, and Social Factors 110
Gramsci and Hegemony 111
Change and Globalization 112
Postcolonialism 115
Economic Structuralists and Their Critics 119
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Contents   vii
★
The Question of Causality 119
Reliance on Economics 119
System Dominance 120
Theoretical Rigidity 120
Accounting for Anomalies 120
Defining Alternatives and Science as Ideology 121
Responses 122
References 123
5 The English School: International Society and Grotian
Rationalism 125
Major Actors and Assumptions 125
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 127
The Divergence of British and American Scholarship 129
Genesis of the English School 131
Levels of Analysis and Theory 132
Change 133
From System to International Society 133
From International Society to World Society 134
The English School, Liberals, and Social Constructivists 136
The English School and Its Critics 137
Methodological Muddle 137
Historical Knowledge 137
Political Economy, the Environment, and Gender 138
Conceptual and Philosophical Eclecticism 138
References 139
PART II  INTERPRETIVE UNDERSTANDINGS AND NORMATIVE
CONSIDERATIONS
6 Constructivist Understandings 143
Major Actors and Assumptions 144
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 145
Intersubjectivity 148
Structure, Rules, and Norms 151
Rules 152
Norms 153
Agents 153
Identity 154
Logic of Appropriateness 156
Interests 157
The Diversity of Social Constructivist Thought 158
Schools of Thought 158
Levels of Analysis 160
Wendt’s “Naturalist” Constructivism 160
Constructivist Affinities in the Broader IR Field 164
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viii   Contents
★
Constructivists and Their Critics 165
Liberal and Realist Critiques 165
Debates within Constructivism and Postmodern Challenges 166
References 167
7 Positivism, Critical Theory, and Postmodern
Understandings 169
Positivism 170
Mill’s Canons of Causality 170
Cause-Effect Relations 172
Intellectual Precursors: Phenomenology and Hermeneutics 176
Critical Theory: Major Assumptions 178
Postmodernism: Major Assumptions 182
Critical Theorists, Postmodernists, and Their Critics 184
Summation 186
References 186
8 Feminist Understandings in IR Theory 187
Intellectual Precursors and Influences 187
Major Assumptions 189
Strands of Feminism in International Relations 191
Gender, War, and Security Studies 193
Gender and International Organizations 195
Gendered Understandings and IR Theory 196
Feminists and Their Critics 197
What Critics? 197
Research Program and Cumulative Knowledge 197
References 198
9 Normative IR Theory: Ethics and Morality 199
Norms, Ethics, and Morality 199
Normative Theory: Alternative Perspectives 200
The Levels of Analysis 200
Moral Relativism 201
Secular Bases for Moral or Ethical Choice 201
Justice and War 206
Applying Just War Theory in the Twenty-First Century 208
Morality and Weaponry 210
Justice and Human Rights 212
The Enlightenment 212
Current Application 213
Humanitarian Treatment and the Sovereign State 214
Armed Intervention and State Sovereignty 216
Intervention and Civil Wars 217
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Contents   ix
★
Criteria for Humanitarian Intervention 218
Alternative Images and Foreign Policy Choice 222
Rationality and Foreign Policy Choice 223
Values, Choices, and Theory 224
References 225
PART III  THE INTELLECTUAL ROOTS OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS THEORY
10 The Ancients: Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thought 229
Homer, Herodotus, Sun Tzu, and Kautilya 230
The Historical Context of Writings by Homer and Herodotus 230
Homer’s Epic Poems 233
Herodotus—The “Father of History” 235
Sun Tzu 241
Kautilya 246
Overview of Early Greek, Chinese, and Indian Thinkers 247
Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War 248
Historical Context 249
History of the Peloponnesian War: The Work Itself 251
Analytical Insights from Thucydides 252
Cautionary Tales: Lessons Drawn by Thucydides from
the Peloponnesian War 256
Thucydides and IR Theory 261
Reflections on Thucydides 272
After Thucydides: Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius 273
Historical Context 273
Plato 276
Aristotle 280
Polybius 285
Reflections on the Thought of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius 293
References 294
11 Greco-Roman Thought and the Middle Ages 295
The Roman Empire and the Development of
Greco-Roman Thought 295
Historical Context 295
The Greek Stoics 298
The Roman Stoics 299
Cicero 300
Seneca and Marcus Aurelius 304
Titus Livy 309
Plutarch 315
Reflections on Thought in the Roman Empire 317
The Middle Ages 318
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