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INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
for Civil Services Main Examinations
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About the Author
Pavneet Singh graduated with Honours in Political Science from Delhi University. He
then followed it with an MBA from the International Management Institute in Belgium.
Following the completion of his formal education, Pavneet sought to make a mark for
himself in the field of the teaching for the UPSC Civil Services exam.
He has taught various subjects, including Political Science and Current Affairs for
almost a decade now.
Since 2013, he has been associated with Vajiram and Ravi, India’s premier institute
for the civil services exam, at New Delhi.
His area of expertise here has been International Relations.
It is this expertise, earned through years of voracious reading and enriched through
interactions with thousands of aspirants, that he brings to this textbook.
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INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
for Civil Services Main Examinations
Pavneet Singh
Faculty at Vajiram & Ravi
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McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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International Relations (for Civil Services Examinations)
Copyright © 2018, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
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Ebook Conversion: Aura Technology and Software Services
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To my students
and
the future civil servants of India
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Preface
AN INVESTMENT IN KNOWLEDGE PAYS THE BEST INTEREST.
Since the time I was an aspirant for the civil services myself, I had to struggle for a proper
textbook on International Relations (IR) for General Studies. Moreover, having been a
student of Political Science and International Relations (PSIR) optional subject for civil
services examinations, I keenly felt the crunch for a one-stop solution for IR. Our PSIR
teachers used to tell us to read books written by former diplomats and some books meant
for university exams, but these books were neither written exclusively for the civil
services exam, nor covered the syllabus of the examination.
I started teaching IR at Vajiram and Ravi, an institute for IAS examination in New
Delhi, in 2013. In the first year, I taught 14,000 students. During my first year of teaching
at Vajiram, I realised that the students continued to struggle for quality work on IR. As my
teaching entered the further batches in 2014, and subsequently in 2015, 2016 and 2017, a
lot of students at Vajiram asked me whether there was any book in the market for IR that
could be helpful as a textbook for General Studies. Many students of PSIR also needed a
textbook that could serve the purpose of their optional study. More importantly, I found
that the students needed a book for IR that could provide them with backgrounds of
diplomatic relations of India with every country.
After intense discussions with my colleague and close friend, Brijendra Singh, who
teaches Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude at Vajiram, I decided to work on a book of IR that
could cater to not only the needs of students for General Studies but also act as a
foundation for those with PSIR as optional subject. I began working on the monumental
task of writing the book in December, 2015 and it finally came to an end in October 2017.
In the process of having undertaken a work of this magnitude, I had interacted with 29
officers of the Indian Foreign Services (IFS) and eight senior officers of Research and
Analysis Wing (R&AW). The views of these people and an insider’s knowledge about
how India conducts its diplomacy with the world is reflected in various chapters of the
book.
I am now satisfied that the future civil services aspirants shall no longer have to
struggle to find a textbook for IR for General Studies portion. This book also fulfills the
gap for the students of PSIR as it also completely caters to all topics of the optional
syllabus defined by the UPSC. I can assure the student that once the entire book is read,
he/she will be able to understand the happenings in the world in a much better way. This
book is bound to change the way they think.
The most interesting feature of the book is that I have incorporated plenty of
diagrams and case studies. Each diagram tries to summarise the core discussion at hand.
These diagrams not only facilitate revision but can also be used directly in the mains
examination while writing answers. Such diagrams will certainly fetch an aspirant
additional marks in the paper, giving them an edge over their competitor. The case studies
in the chapters add on to the existing understanding and are designed to provide the
readers a completely fresh perspective on the dimension being discussed, along with
providing applications for the policies that are under scrutiny.
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I have explained how to use the book optimally while reading for General Studies
and for PSIR for civil services examination separately in the pages ahead.
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Note for Students of General Studies
HOW TO READ THE BOOK
As stated in the Preface, this work on International Relations (IR) is a mandatory subject
for students preparing for the General Studies papers. The book acts as a foundation
builder for any aspirant for civil services because the book serves as a primary source to
prepare for Current Affairs of International importance (Item-1 of Part-A, Paper-1 General
Studies, Preliminary examination) and International Relations (Item-17, 18, 19, 20 of
Paper-III-Part-B-General Studies-II-Mains Examination).
I suggest that all students read the book in the chronology in which it is set. All the
chapters are interlinked to each other, and to enhance understanding and build critical
linkages, a chronological reading is mandatory. I strongly urge the readers to read and
internalise all the key terms related to International Relations mentioned in the Section A
of Part A, Chapter 2. After the key terms are internalised, the readers should read the
chapters in Section A, Part B. All the four chapters of this part are intended to give the
students a panoramic glimpse of international world history from ancient to post-Cold War
times. From my teaching experiences of IR at Vajiram, I have come to the conclusion that
when students are given a proper understanding of international world history, their
command over the subject drastically improves. The Section B of the book relates to
theories of IR. This chapter is exclusively for the students of Political Science and
International Relations (PSIR). However, for a better analytical grasp on the subject, I
would urge the students of General Studies (who do not have PSIR as optional subject for
civil services exam) to also read the six chapters in the section. This will give the readers a
different perspective for the issues that may prove relevant for the exam and will be
beneficial while writing answers in the mains examination.
Each chapter in the book is meticulously written with an intention to enhance the
understanding of the reader on the topic discussed. The chapters adopt multi-dimensional
analysis paradigm and start with basic background and history of diplomatic relations and
then covers different dimensions involved in diplomatic relations. This holistic coverage
from background till the present day diplomacy enhances the overall understanding of the
reader. Once the reading of the entire book is over, the student shall have complete
command on the subject. The students would now be in a position to appreciate what is
happening around them and analyse the events in the newspapers better. Before the exam,
the diagrams in the book will help the reader keep the core ideas and points in their minds
fresh to be reproduced in the answer sheets of UPSC Mains exam. After reading the book
completely, a deep understanding of how India has dealt with each country in the world
from 1947 till now, will be achieved. For example, if a student peruses the portion of the
border issue between India and China and goes through the literature in the chapter
carefully, which has analyzed the border problem since the British times till today, he/she
would be able to appreciate why the border issue between India and China persists and
what can be done to resolve the issues. Once the chapters are read, the reader can continue
to read the newspapers and keep on building their notes further as all issues happening in
the present times in the diplomacy will make sense since the entire background is
exhaustively covered in each chapter. The book will thereby equip the students with
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