International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement Trends and Prospects

307 Pages·2002·32.593 MB·English

by  Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Cesare P. R Romano, Ruth Mackenzie (eds.)

INTERNATIONAL
ORGAN IZATIONS
AN D INTERNATIONAL
DISPUTE
SETTLEM ENT:
TREN DS AN D PROSPECTS
Laurence Boisson de Chazournes
Cesare P. R. Romano
Ruth Mackenzie
Editors
lIN
Transnational Publishers, Inc.
Ardsley, New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
International organizations and international dispute settlement
trends and prospects / edited by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes,
Cesare P. R Romano, Ruth Mackenzie.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-57105-268-2 (hardcover) - ISBN 1-57105-273-9 (paperback)
1. Arbitration, International-Congresses. 2. Mediation,
International-Congresses. 3. Non-governmental organizations
Congresses. 4. International agencies-Congresses. 5. Locus
standi-Congresses. 6. Jurisdiction (International Law)-Congresses.
I. Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence. II. Romano, Cesare (Cesare
P. R) III. Mackenzie, Ruth.
KZ6010 158 2002
341.5'23-dc21 2002074212
Paperback cover design by Andrea Bichsel
Hardcover cover design by Wendy Bedenbaugh
Copyright © 2002 by Transnational Publishers, Inc.
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in
part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by U.S. Copyright
Law in Section 107, "fair use" in teaching and research, Section 108,
certain library copying, and except in published media by reviewers in
limited excerpts), without written permission from the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of Paul C. Szasz
0929-2002)
Eminent Authority on International Law and Organizations,
Wise Mentor and Dear Friend
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CONTENTS
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction and Acknowledgments. xvii
Boisson de Chazournes/Romano/Mackenzie
PART I GENERAL OVERVIEW
Chapter 1. International Organizations and the International
Judicial Process: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Cesare E R. Romano
Contentious Jurisdiction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Judicial Bodies whose Jurisdiction is not Limited to a
Specific Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Regional Human Rights Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Judicial Bodies of Regional Economic and Political
Integration Agreements. 12
Europe. . . . . . 12
Latin America . . . . . 15
Advisory Jurisdiction. . . . . 17
Judicial Bodies whose Jurisdiction is not Limited to a
Specific Geographic Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Regional Human Rights Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Judicial Bodies of Regional Economic and Political
Integration Agreements. 28
Europe. . . . . 29
Latin America 31
Africa. 32
Conclusions . . . . . . 33
Chapter 2. International Organizations as Parties to
Contentious Cases: Selected Aspects ........ . 37
Tullio Treves
General Aspects: Contentious Cases and International
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Contentious Cases under General International Law .. 37
v
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vi • International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement
Problems arising when International Organizations
are Admitted as Parties to Cases under General
International Law: the Experience of the International
Tribunal for the Law of the Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Contentious Cases before Domestic Courts, under the
Domestic Law of International Organizations and in
"Transnational" Private Law Situations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PART II THE EUROPEAN UNION AND INTERNATIONAL
JUDICIAL BODIES
Chapter 3. The European Union and International
Dispute Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Allan Rosas
The EU as a State-Like Subject of International Law ..... . 49
The EU and Dispute Settlement: General
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
The EU and the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism. . . . . 55
Other Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Internal EU Procedures . . 64
Concluding Remarks .... 70
Chapter 4. The European Union before the European Court
of Human Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Andrew Clapham
The European Union as Human Rights Violator? . . . . . . . . 73
The European Union is not a Party to the European
Convention on Human Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
The Approach of the European Court of
Human Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Allegations of Human Rights Violations by Institutions
of the European Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The European Community as Friend of the Court. . . . . . . . 82
The Commission's Intervention in "Senator Lines
GMBH v. 15 Member States oft he European Union". . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Need for an External Human Rights Review of
Community Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
PART III INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THE
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Chapter 5. Request of Advisory Opinions in
Contentious Cases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Christian DominicI?
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Contents • vii
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Advisory Opinions Accepted as Decisive: Disputes
between International Organizations and States . . . . . . . . . 92
Advisory Opinions Accepted as Decisive: Review of
Judgments of Administrative Tribunals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Ordinary Advisory Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Some Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Ordinary Advisory Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Binding Advisory Opinions in a Dispute between an
Organization and a Single State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Binding Advisory Opinions in a Dispute between
an Organization and its Officials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter 6:. Advisory Opinions and the Furtherance of the
Common Interest of Mankind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Laurence Boisson de Chazournes
Issues of Global Public Policy and the Request for an
Advisory Opinion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Resort to the Court as a Means of Promoting the
Common Interest of Human Kind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Advisory Opinions and the Diversification of
International Institutions and Dispute Settlement
Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Request for Advisory Opinions and the Changes in the
International Decision-Making Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Some Thoughts on the Openness of the
Advisory Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Non-State Actors in the Consultative Process. . . . . . . . . 115
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter 7. Links Between the ILO and the IC]:
A Less Than Perfect Match. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Anne-Marie La Rosa
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
The ILO Constitution and Structure: The Rationale for
Granting Access to the Court by the ILO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
First Link between the Two: ILO Commission of Inquiry
and the ICJ (Article 29.2 of the ILO Constitution) . . . . . . . . 122
ILO Complaints Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Genesis of Article 29.9 of the ILO Constitution
Procedure and Failure to Secure Corresponding
Fitting in the PCl] Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
What Could be Made, and by Whom, of the Procedure
of Article 29.2 of the ILO Constitution? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
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viii • International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement
Right of Appeal of the ILO Governing Body. 126
Right of Appeal of the State against which a
Compliant is Made .................. . 127
Second Link between the Two: ICJ Interpretative
Functions in the Context of ILO Normative Actions
(Art. 37.10 f the ILO Constitution) ............ . 129
Conclusions ........................... . 131
PART IV INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
AMICUS CURIAE
Chapter 8. Intergovernmental Organizations as
"Friends of the Court" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Chnristine Chinkin and Ruth Mackenzie
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The Role of Amicus Curiae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Intergovernmental Organizations as Amici Curiae:
Procedure and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
(i) International Court of justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
(ii) International Criminal and Human Rights
Courts and Tribunals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
(iii) The World Trade Organization Dispute
Settlement System ....................... 149
Policy Considerations for International Organizations. . . . . 153
(i) The Purpose of Amicus Briefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
(ii) When Might International Courts and Tribunals
Wish to Solicit Amicus Briefs from International
Organizations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
(iii) When Might International Organizations Seek to
File Amicus Submissions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
PART V LIAISONS DANGfRfUSfS: THE INDEPENDENCE OF
JUDICIAL BODIES FROM THE ORGANIZATIONS OF
WHICH THEY ARE ORGANS
Chapter 9. Process Integrity and Institutional Independence
in International Organizations: The Inspection Panel
and the Sanctions Committee of the World Bank. . . . . . . . 165
Andres Rigo Sureda
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 165
Interpretation. . . . . . . 166
Immunity ......... . 168
The Inspection Panel. . . . 169
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Contents • ix
Operating Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Review of Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Inspection Mechanisms in Regional Development Banks. . . 180
The Compliance Advisor Ombudsman (CAO) . . . . . . . . . . 184
The Sanctions Committee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Process ............... . 187
Procurement Context . . . . . . 189
Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
The Issue of Independence. . 191
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Chapter 10. The Relationship Between Political and
Judicial Organs of International Organisations:
The Role of the Security Council in the New
International Criminal Court. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Vera Gowlland-Debbas
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
The Relationship between the Security Council and the
ICC as Defined in the Rome Statute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
The Security Council has the Power to Trigger the
Jurisdiction of the ICC through Referral of Situations. . . 199
The Security Council has the Power to Defer Action
by the ICC in Situations Involving Threats to
International Peace and Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
The Security Council has a Potential Role in the
Exercise by the ICC of its Jurisdiction over the
Crime of Aggression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
The Security Council Plays a Role in Ensuring the
Cooperation of States with the ICC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
The Relationship between the Security Council and
the ICC from the Perspective of the International
Legal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The Legal/Political Dichotomy and the Distinction
between Political and Judicial Organ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
The Question of Hierarchy in the Relationship
between Political and Judicial Organs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Chapter 11. Judicial Independence in the World Trade
Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Steve Charnovitz
Origins of Judicial Independence ........ . 220
The WTO Judiciary and its Independence .. . 223
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x • International Organizations and International Dispute Settlement
The WTO's Judicial Branch .............. . 225
Is There Judicial Independence in the WTO? . . 227
Criticism of the WTO Judiciary ........... . 230
Asbestos: Judicial Independence under Pressure .. 235
Conclusion ............................ . 239
Conclusions
Whither the Judicial Function? Concluding Remarks 241
Georges Abi-Saab
Documentary Annex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ... 250
A) United Nations ........................... . 250
A.l) Charter of the United Nations ............ . 250
A.2) Statute of the International Court of Justice .. . 251
A.3) ICJ Rules of Court (1978), as Amended on 5
December 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
A.4) Convention on the Privileges and Immunities
of the United Nations ................. . 252
A.5) Agreement Between the United Nations and
the United States of America Regarding the
Headquarters of the United Nations ....... . 252
B) United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea .. . 252
B.l) Annex IX-Participation by International
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
B.2) Agreement Relating to the Implementation of
Part XI of the Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
B.3) Annex VI - Statute of the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea ................. . 256
B.4) International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea:
Rules of the Tribunal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
C) International Labour Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
c.l) Constitution of the International Labour
Organization ........................ . 258
C.2) Statute of the Administrative Tribunal ...... . 261
D) The World Bank Group .................... . 262
D.l) International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development: Articles of Agreement. . . . . . . . 262
D.2) World Bank Inspection Panel: Resolution .... 262
No. IBRD 93-10, And Resolution
No. IDA 93-6 ....................... . 262
D.3) IFC/MIGA Operational Guidelines for the
Office of the Compliance Advisor/
Ombudsman (CAO) ................... . 266
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