Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE MIDDLE EAST
International Law in the Middle East
Closer to Power than Justice
JEAN ALLAIN
Queen 's University, Belfast
First published 2004 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2017 by Routledge
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Allain, Jean, I965-
International Law in the Middle East : closer to power than
justice
I. United Nations-Middle East 2.Internationallaw-Middle
East 3.Law enforcement-Middle East 4.Middle East
History-20th century 5.Middle East-Foreign relations
I. Title
34I'.0956
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Allain, Jean, I965-
Internationallaw in the Middle East: closer to power thanjustice I Jean Allain.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7546-2436-6
I. Middle East--Intemational status. 2. Intemationallaw--Middle East. 3.
Kurds--Legal status, laws, etc. 4. Self-determination, National. I. Title.
KZ4272.A435 2004
34I.26--dc22
2004005410
ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-2436-3 (hbk)
Contents
Table ofCases ix
List ofMaps xiii
Preface XV
Acknowledgements xix
The Melian Dialogue xxi
Introduction 3
Scope of Study 3
Chapter 1 Beyond Positivism: Denial of Kurdish Self-Determination 13
I. Failure of a Kurdish State to Materialise 15
II. Treatment of Kurds during the Consolidation
of the Modern Middle East 23
III. Situation of the Kurds in the Era of Self-Determination 28
IV. Situation of the Kurds in the 'New World Order' 36
V. Conclusion 44
Chapter 2 Imperial Attitude toward the Suez Canal 47
I. The Establishment of the Suez Canal 48
II. 1888 Constantinople Convention 50
III. Egyptian Nationalisation of the Suez Canal Company 57
IV. Seeking a Peaceful Settlement of the Suez Dispute 60
V. The Tripartite Aggression against Egypt 64
VI. The Aftermath of the Tripartite Aggression 68
VII. Conclusion 70
vi International Law in the Middle East
Chapter 3 Disregard for International Law in the Evolution
toward the Formation of the State of Israel 73
I. Support for Zionism 74
II. The Balfour Declaration 77
III. The British Mandate for Palestine 80
IV. Toward the State oflsrael 92
V. Conclusion 99
Chapter 4 Lack of Enforcement of International Law
and the Abandonment of Palestinian Refugees 101
I. Creating Palestinian Refugees 102
II. Conditions of Palestinian Refugees in Exile 107
III. International Refugee Law and Palestinian Refugees 114
IV. Conclusion 124
Chapter 5 Selective Enforcement of International Law:
The Security Council and its Varied Responses
to a Decade of Aggression (1980-90) 127
I. Aggression in International Law 128
II . Response to Iran-Iraq War 134
III. Response to the Israeli Invasion and Occupation of Lebanon 142
IV. Response to the Iraqi Invasion and Annexation of Kuwait 152
V. Conclusion 161
Chapter 6 Punitive in extremis: United Nations' Iraqi Sanctions 163
I. The Coalition Air Campaign 164
II. The United Nations Sanctions 172
III. United Nations' Iraqi Sanctions and Norms of Jus Cogens 183
IV. Responsibility and the United Nations' Iraqi Sanctions 191
V. Conclusion 193
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Internalising the Requirements of International Law:
Perpetual States of Emergency in Egypt and Syria 195
I. States of Emergency in International Law 197
II. Egypt: Human Rights under a Perpetual State of Emergency 206
III. Syria: Human Rights under a Perpetual State of Emergency 216
IV. Conclusion 227
Chapter 8 A Stream Apart: Peaceful Settlements in the Middle East 229
I. The Most Militarised Region in the World 230
II. The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes 235
III. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in the Middle East 239
IV. Conclusion 260
Epilogue 263
I. The Continued Withering of Palestine 264
II. September 11 and its Repercussions 269
III. Conclusion 274
Appendix 1: 1888 Constantinople Convention 277
Appendix 2: ['Entente Cordiale:
The 1904 Franco-British Declaration 281
Appendix 3: 1956 Sevres Protocol 285
Appendix 4: UN General Assembly Resolution 302 (1948) 287
Appendix 5: UN General Assembly Resolution 3314 (1974) 291
Appendix 6: UN Security Council Resolution 425 (1978) 295
Appendix 7: UN Security Council Resolution 479 (1980) 297
Appendix 8: UN Security Council Resolution 508 (1982) 299
Appendix 9: UN Security Council Resolution 598 (1987) 301
Vlll International Law in the Middle East
Appendix 10: UN Security Council Resolution 660 (1990) 303
Appendix 11: UN Security Council Resolution 661 (1990) 305
Appendix 12: UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) 309
Appendix 13: UN Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) 311
Appendix 14: UN Security Council Resolution 688 (1991) 319
Appendix 15: UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003) 321
Bibliographie Note 329
Index 337
Table of Cases
I. Cases before the Permanent Court of
Justice/International Court of Justice
Advisory Opinions:
Case concerning Article 3, Paragraph 2, of the Treaty of Lausanne
( Frontier between Turkey and /raq), 1923 20,243
Exchange oJGreek and Turkish Populations, 1925 244
Reparationfor Injuries Suffered in the Service ofthe United Nations, 1949 192
Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, 1950 250
Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide, 1951 53, 186
Western Sahara case, 1975 254
Interpretation ofthe Agreement of25 March 1951 between the WHO
and Egypt, 1980 259
Contentious Cases:
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (Greece vs. UK), 1924 88,242
Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions (Greece vs. UK), 1925 88,242,243
Readaption ofthe Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions
(Greece vs. United Kingdom), 1927 88,242,243
S.S. 'Lotus' (France vs. Turkey), 1927 245
The Deiimitation ofthe Territorial Waters between the /stand of
Castellorizo and the Coasts ofA natolia (Italy vs. Turkey), 1933 245
