Table Of ContentAdvances in Volcanology
Alireza Hajian · Giuseppe Nunnari ·
Roohollah Kimiaefar
Intelligent
Methods with
Applications in
Volcanology and
Seismology
IAV EI
Advances in Volcanology
fi
An Of cial Book Series of the International
Association of Volcanology and Chemistry
’
of the Earth s Interior
Series Editor
Karoly Nemeth, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University,
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Advances in Volcanology is an official book series of the International
AssociationofVolcanologyandChemistryoftheEarth’sInterior(IAVCEI).
The aim of the book series is to publish scientific monographs on a varied
arrayoftopicsorthemesinvolcanology.Theseriesaimsatbuildingavaried
libraryofreferenceworks,bydescribingthecurrentunderstandingofselected
themes such as certain types of volcanism or regional aspects. The books in
the series are prepared by leading experts actively working in the relevant
field.TheAdvancesinVolcanologyseriescontainssingleandmulti-authored
books as well as edited volumes. The Series Editor, Dr. Karoly Nemeth
(Massey University, New Zealand), is currently accepting proposals and a
proposal document can be obtained from the Publisher, Dr. Annett Buettner
([email protected]).
Alireza Hajian Giuseppe Nunnari
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Roohollah Kimiaefar
Intelligent Methods
with Applications
in Volcanology
and Seismology
123
Alireza Hajian Giuseppe Nunnari
Department ofPhysics Dipartimento di IngegneriaElettrica,
Najafabad Branch Elettronica eInformatica
Islamic AzadUniversity Universitàdegli Studi diCatania
Najafabad, Iran Catania, Italy
RoohollahKimiaefar
Department ofPhysics
Najafabad Branch
Islamic AzadUniversity
Najafabad, Iran
ISSN 2364-3277 ISSN 2364-3285 (electronic)
Advances in Volcanology
ISBN978-3-031-15431-7 ISBN978-3-031-15432-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15432-4
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To Saint Fatima and Saint Agatha
Preface
When I was in Institute Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) in
Italy, Catania section, as a sabbatical for a period of about six months from
2018 to 2019, not only it was interesting for me but also especially a new
experience for me to work on volcano geophysics data specially on lovely
Etna,wherevariousgeophysicaldataarewellgatheredonabroadnetworkof
stations close to its craters. There, I got familiar with some of the geo-
physicists and computer scientists working hard on Etna data!
Ibelieve“ETNA”isnotonlyoneofthebestmonitoredactivevolcanosin
the world but also is one of the biggest well-equipped geophysical Natural
Labs of the world. Another thing I want to mention is that Etna is a very
lovely beautiful mountain!! If you think I am false, please take a look to
photosinFigs.1,2,3,4,5.Asanotherevidenceofmyclaim,youcanfindby
advanced search in virtual media and find that there are a lot of people (not
essentially the experts) who love Etna and follow its activities with a high
score of click per day!
AsanotherexampleofthehugenumberoffansofEtna,Icanmentionmy
roommate, Claudio, at Catania, who was a geology undergraduate student
and every night I met him in the kitchen while cooking was visiting Etna
trendsindiscussionroomsandforumsonInternet,itwasveryinterestingand
to some extent strange for me that he also check the records of tremors
available at INGV, Catania website times and times every day. During my
stayatCatania,Prof.PeterStylescametheretovisitmeforabout4daysand
hewasveryeagertovisitEtnavolcano.Hetoldmethathehadbeenvisiting
HawaiianvolcanoveryclosetothemaincratersandveryeagertovisitEtna
closer, so with the help of Dr. Filippo Greco, the very kind and expert
gravimetryscientistinINGV,wearrangedaone-dayfieldofvisitingEtnafor
him. This shows clearly the interesting nature of Etna volcano not only for
young researchers like me but also for prominent famous geophysicists
(Fig. 5).
I met prominent scientists in Catania who highly improved my scientific
life, especially Prof. Giuseppe Nunnari and Dr. Filippo Greco, who are men
of ethics and brilliant scientists by all means. Giuseppe taught me a lot of
things both in life and in artificial intelligent; how to work with machine
learningandalsotheconceptsandphilosophyofdeeplearning;Ilearntalot
from him. Also, Dr. Filippo Greco was who accepted and invited me to go
Italyforasabbaticalperiodinhisinstitute,INGVCataniasection. Hereally
helped me a lot, i.e., to settle in this city, to visit Etna geophysical stations
vii
viii Preface
Fig.1 FuggyatmosphereofacloselocationtocratersofEtna(PhotobyA.Hajian,2018)
Fig.2 ViewofasilentdayofEtnainasunnydayinFall(PhotobyA.Hajian,2018)
Fig.3 SnowycoveredviewofEtnaaround(PhotobyA.Hajian,Winter2018)
Preface ix
Fig.4 SnowcoveredviewofoneofEtnacraters(PhotobyA.Hajian,Winter2018)
Fig. 5 Field trip to Etna in a snowy day by Dr. Filippo Greco and Prof. Peter Styles (with very much thanks to
Dr.FilippoGrecoforarrangingandcoachingthefield-trip,(PhotobyA.Hjaian,2018).)
closetoitscraters,veryhigh-techgravimetersthatformeitwasthefirsttime
toseeandworkwith!,hisoffice,preparingindividualvirtualmachineforme
to run my huge codes and data, infrastructure. Also, Dr. Flavio Cannavo,
AssociatedProfessoratINGV,helpedmewithbothgeophysicaldataofEtna
and introducing the suitable indexes to evaluate classification quality of
machine learning classifiers for Etna volcano activities based on integration
of various geophysical time series. I had couple of discussion sessions with
these kind talent scientists (Dr. Filippo, Prof. Guiseppe and Dr. Flavio) that
I name these sessions at my memorial notes, during my stay at INGV
Catania,as“Golden”sessionsendwithmy“PersianBlackTea”mostofthe
afternoons ready by my tiny electric tea maker joint with very nice “Italian
Coffee: Espressos” but sooner than afternoon (Fig. 6)! Without the helps,
experts and supports of them, I never could be success going deeper at my
new field of the work at INGV!
x Preface
Fig.6 DrinkingPersianTeaaftera“Golden”discussionsessiononMachinelearningforEtna!,atDr.FilippoGreco’s
office at INGV, Catania, Italy, November 7, 2018 (Left to right: me, Dr. Flavio Cannavo, Dr. Filippo Greco,
Prof.GiuseppeNunnari)
When I came back to my country Iran, Persia, I taught a course for
seismological Ph.D. students, namely “neural networks and applications in
seismology,”andduringthesemesterwhileteachingthiscoursebasedonmy
firstSpringer-Publishedbook(HajianandStyles,2018),Ideeplyfeltthelack
ofatechnicaltextbookforapplicationsofintelligentmethodsinseismology;
inthenextsemesterwhenIwasinvitedtoteachacourse,namely“advanced
physicsoftheearth,”mystudentsmotivatedmetopresentmyachievements
in Italy about using machine learning for geophysical volcanology. Totally
and finally, I decided to prepare a text book draft with detailed focus on the
applicationofintelligentalgorithmsinboththeseismologyandvolcanology.
At a first glance, this was seemed as a very hard task to do alone, but I was
surethatiftheworkwasimplementedthroughateamworkitwouldbefaster
and easier in a Work Breaking Structure (WBS) framework. Then, I called
Prof.Nunnarianddiscussedaboutitandinvitedhimtohelpandguidemein
this way; finally, he accepted to edit the whole text of the book and also to
help in writing all the chapters with both the concepts and applications in
seismologyandvolcanology.Ithinkheisthemostexpertpersonintheworld
todothisashehasveryhighrespectedexperiencesofbothworkingonEtna
during his years of working in INGV and also on intelligent methods in
ElectricalEngineeringDepartmentattheUniversityofCataniaformorethan
25years.Hehaspracticallyuseddifferenttypesofmachinelearningmethods
for various problems about Etna. However, I also invited Dr. Flavio
Cannavo,whoisatalentresearcherofcomputersciencewithapplicationson
volcanology and seismology, but most of the time, he is very busy with
various research teams and projects. I am very indepted to him for both
the data and scientific common sessions on comparison of his results by
Bayesian to our results by machine learning about ongoing state of Etna
volcanobasedonvarioustimeseriesofgeophysicalvariationsforaperiodof
5yearsofEtnaactivityclasses.Finally,oneofmycolleaguesatDepartment
of Physics, Dr. R. Kimiaefar, accepted my invitation to help as the third
author of the book, especially with deep learning approaches.
