integrating aims

308 Pages·2010·3.81 MB·English

Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Publications B 98
Espoo 2010

integrating aims
—
built heritage in social

and economic development
Mikko Mälkki & Kaisa Schmidt-Thomé (eds.)

Centre for Urban and Regional Studies Publications B 98
Espoo 2010

integrating aims
—
built heritage in social

and economic development
Mikko Mälkki & Kaisa Schmidt-Thomé (eds.)
Aalto University
School of Science and Technology
Centre for Urban and Regional Studies
Distribution:
Aalto University
School of Science and Technology
Centre for Urban and Regional Studies (YTK)
PB 12200
FIN-00076 Aalto
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
http://ytk.tkk.fi/en/
Available also in electronic form at:
http://lib.tkk.fi/Reports/2010/isbn9789526032849.pdf
and:
http://www.ebheritage.fi/literature_links/
[email protected]
[email protected]
Graphic Design: Satu Karppinen
ISSN 1455-7797
ISBN 978-952-60-3283-2 (printed)
ISBN 978-952-60-3284-9 (pdf)
Yliopistopaino
Espoo 2010
Content
Mikko Mälkki & Kaisa Schmidt-Thomé 5
Introduction: Multiple Roles of Built Heritage
in Planning and Policy-making
Eva Vicente 17
Economics of Built Cultural Heritage
Esa Storhammar & Timo Tohmo 43
The Nexus between Culture and Economics
– Culture as a Contributory Factor in the Competitiveness
of Regions
Grete Swensen & Thomas Haupt 59
Coastal Cultural Heritage in Norway:
Between Function-deprivation and Over-utilization
– Exemplified by Two Coastal Villages: Nyksund and Kalvåg
Annegreth Dietze-Schirdewahn 83
The Dynamic Relationship between Culture and Nature:
The Management of Historic Parks and Gardens
Balázs Halmos, Kata Marótzy & András Szalai 101
Maintenance of Rural Built Heritage
– Experiences of an International Workshop
Neža Cˇebron Lipovec, Mitja Guštin & Zrinka Mileusnic´ 117
Urban Heritage and Development in Koper:
Values, Interests, Scenarios
Stefano Della Torre 141
Economics of Planned Conservation
Andrea Canziani & Rossella Moioli 157
The Learning-Based Cultural District and the Monza
and Brianza Case. Learning from Cultural Heritage
Stefania Bossi 181
The Requisite Evolution of Small and Medium Enterprises
for Participation in an Innovative Conservation Process
Donovan Rypkema 195
The Role of Heritage Conservation in a Sustainable Economy
Zorán Vukoszávlyev 211
Redefining Memory
Iacopo Zetti 231
Built Heritage, Local Communities and the Production
of Territory. Citizen Participation in Heritage Preservation
and Improvement
Krister Olsson 251
Cultural Heritage as a Resource in Place Marketing
Peter Ehrström 269
A Tale of Two Sites: The Planning and Development
on Two Adjacent Sites in Palosaari, Vaasa, Finland
Raine Mäntysalo 289
Strategic Integration with Built Heritage:
The Case of Nurmes Railway Station Park
mikko mälkki & kaisa schmidt-thomé – introduction 7
Introduction: Multiple Roles of
Built Heritage in Planning
and Policy-making
Mikko Mälkki & Kaisa Schmidt-Thomé
Defining what cultural heritage actually is may seem a mission
impossible – if attempted in a general, universal manner that leaves
no room for context. At the same time it is clear that cultural heritage
is continuously being defined in different contexts and that this
understanding is then used for various purposes, e.g. when arguing for
or against the protection of a certain building. In such situations, value
systems often clash and constructive discussions are rare. This is where
research, when brought together in an innovative manner, has much to
say in sorting out what the clashes are all about.
Within several academic disciplines and research traditions there are
studies tackling the relationships that cultural heritage has with other
sectors of the society. Research on historical cities, for instance, is
increasingly stressing the social feasibility of protection and cultural
tourism. Within regional studies in turn, it is acknowledged that cultural
heritage does play a certain role in regional competitiveness. When
focusing on built heritage in this way, there are four key discourses
deserving attention:
– The discussion on potentialities of built heritage in regional
(economic) development (e.g. heritage in branding, increasing the
mikko mälkki & kaisa schmidt-thomé – introduction 7
attractiveness of locations, employment, economic value creation,
and positive and negative externalities of different policies and
practices);
– The changing roles of different types of expertise in defining aims
of built heritage preservation;
– Democracy and empowerment of citizens in decision-making
concerning built heritage (including the role of voluntary
engagement);
– The suitability/applicability of different regulation and governance
models in the changing contexts of built heritage management.
These discourses have been elaborated on in research projects in
several disciplines (e.g. management and planning studies, archaeology,
architectural history, and cultural economics) and are continuously
being developed further. However, the arguments do not necessarily
meet. Differing vocabularies and discipline-based meaning systems
have created confusion that has been an obstacle in both scientific
and societal discussion, not only concerning the potentialities of built
heritage in regional development, but also in developing suitable tools
and appropriate indicators for assessing the impacts of different strategies
and decisions in heritage management.
We, referring at least to the editors of this publication, and probably to
most of its contributors, wish that the key discourses can be brought
together. There is a need for a frame that enables mutual dialogue
among and coordination of all the discourses identified above. It
seems that the ongoing discussions on social, economic and cultural
impacts of different heritage management policies have much more
in common than is currently recognized; what is missing are the joint
reference points across disciplinary boundaries, but also across national
and language borders.
Despite the somewhat marginal position that built heritage studies have
within the discipline of cultural economics (Mason 2007), they do form
a body of work upon which to build when seeking common reference
points. In this publication, Eva Vicente introduces basic concepts and
key questions that cultural economics as a field is dealing with when
8 integrating aims. built heritage in social and economic development. mmiikkkkoo mmäällkkkkii && kkaaiissaa sscchhmmiiddtt--tthhoomméé –– iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn 99
turning to cultural heritage in general and built heritage in particular.
She introduces the concept of heritage market and shows how the
failures of the market leave much room for policy making. Vicente also
argues that built heritage, when seen as goods, is considered a potential
economic resource that, once valorized, may become a source of wealth,
employment and welfare for the community. She also reviews possible
methods to measure the economic benefits of heritage valorization.
It is also possible to see arts and culture as a sector of economic
activity having many interconnections with the other sectors. Cultural
industries, as the broader conceptualization of these connections could
be labelled, are among the most rapidly growing industries of the world
(KEA et al. 2006). In their article, Timo Tohmo and Esa Storhammar
explicate the nexus between culture and economics widely, from the
point of view of regional economic development systems. The article
discusses both tangible and intangible manifestations of culture, and
lays out the complexity of culture in regional development processes
and especially as an element of regional competitiveness. Tohmo and
Storhammar show that there is an important research topic awaiting
exploration, namely the added value of culture as a location factor.
Does cultural heritage support commitment to one’s own economic
region, or is this only hype? Can we estimate, or even measure, how
significant a role culture, e.g. cultural services of some kind, plays when
firms or inhabitants choose to settle in a certain region?
This publication presents a broad variety of regional contexts in dealing
with built heritage. The title of the publication refers to a general aim
of favourable social and economic development that can surely carry
different meanings in different settings. Here Norway, for instance,
contrasts with the Hungarian and Slovenian cases quite drastically.
Grete Swensen and Thomas Haupt discuss the benefits and drawbacks
of the active utilization and development of locations that have heritage
values. The authors use two fishing villages in different parts of Norway
as examples when asking how new utilization can lead to revitalization
of coastal societies. The built heritage assets bring positive connotations
connected to places, and, on the other hand, dilapidate rapidly if they
mmiikkkkoo mmäällkkkkii && kkaaiissaa sscchhmmiiddtt--tthhoomméé –– iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn 99
are out of use. An ”aura of authenticity” and “the experience of the
unique and exotic” represent something that attracts a specific niche
of tourists. There is, however, a cleft between the conservationists and
tourist management concerning how to treat heritage. Swensen and
Haupt look closer at concepts such as vulnerability and sustainability
and specify what demands the cultural tourism sector has to fulfill
to revitalize these areas without hollowing out their uniqueness.
The authors discuss the need for using a precautionary approach,
depending on the degree of vulnerability of the environment, and call
for further development of methodology and criteria for vulnerability
assessments.
Also presenting Norwegian examples, Annegreth Dietze-Schirdewahn
discusses assessments of different types of values of historic parks
and gardens. According to Dietze-Schirdewahn, there is a need
for methods that integrate both natural and cultural values in
assessments. Understanding both of these types of values will enhance
the knowledge base for long-term, unified use and management of
these cultural environments. According to the author, many of the
natural values in historic gardens are dependent on the continuity of
use and utilization. Besides analyzing methods, Dietze-Schirdewahn
also discusses instruments for protecting these values. Linking the
discussion to economics, she argues that fundamental understanding
of both cultural and natural values of historic parks and gardens is the
basis for successful marketing concepts and the economic utilization/
development of these assets.
Balázs Halmos, Kata Marótzy and András Szalai base their paper on
experiences of co-operation between municipalities in the Hungarian
countryside and Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
The project they describe aimed at defining the unique environmental
and architectural character of each settlement and encouraging local
authorities to develop their own heritage management concepts. The
authors argue that when assessing values of historical settlements as built
environments, the work must go far beyond the analysis of historically
and architecturally valuable individual buildings. Analysis should also
include aspects of larger scale and interrelations, such as the traditional
10 integrating aims. built heritage in social and economic development. mmiikkkkoo mmäällkkkkii && kkaaiissaa sscchhmmiiddtt--tthhoomméé –– iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn 1111