Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life Cycle Inventory, Second Edition

531 Pages·2001·8.237 MB·English

Integrated Solid
Waste Management:
a Life Cycle Inventory
Integrated Solid
Waste Management:
a Life Cycle Inventory
second edition
Forbes R McDougall, Peter R White,
Marina Franke and Peter Hindle
© Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Limited First edition published by Blackie Academic and
2001 Professional, 1994
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Contents
Preface xxiii
Currency conversion values xxviii
CONCEPTS AND CASE STUDIES
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Summary 1
The aims of the book 1
What is waste? 1
The concerns over waste 3
The old concern – the conservation of resources 4
The new concerns – pollution and the deterioration of renewables 6
Sustainable waste management 6
Pollution 7
Objectives 9
Current approaches – legislation 9
End-of-pipe regulations 9
Strategic targets 9
Economic costs of environmental improvements 11
Internalising external environmental costs 11
Building environmental objectives into the waste management system 12
An integrated approach to solid waste management 13
Chapter 2 Integrated Waste Management 15
Summary 15
The basic requirements of waste management 15
The generation of less waste 16
The concept of Sustainable Waste Management 18
Characteristics of a Sustainable Waste Management system 18
An integrated system 18
Market oriented 19
Flexibility 19
v
vi Contents
Scale 20
Social acceptability 20
Development of the Integrated Waste Management concept 21
Implementing Integrated Waste Management 22
The importance of a holistic approach 23
Paying for Integrated Waste Management 24
Waste management planning and the Hierarchy of Waste Management 24
Integrated Waste Management in countries with developing
economies 26
IWM systems for countries with developing economies 26
Dumping and landfilling 26
Separation and treatment of organic waste 27
Recycling and scavenging 28
Incineration 29
The benefits of IWM to countries with developing economies 29
Modelling waste management – why model? 29
Previous modelling of waste management 30
Using Life Cycle Assessment for Integrated Waste Management 30
Models 30
Data 31
Chapter 3 The Development of Integrated Waste
Management Systems: Case Studies and Their Analysis 33
Summary 33
Introduction 33
Case study format 33
Case studies 35
Difficulty of comparison 35
Common drivers 36
Legislation 40
IWM begins at a local level 40
System evolution 40
Case study details – schematic diagrams 42
Abbreviations 42
Definitions (see also Chapters 8–14) 42
Pamplona, Spain, 1996 43
Summary – Pamplona 43
Collection 43
Treatment 43
Landfill 45
Additional information 45
Contents vii
Prato, Italy, 1997 45
Summary – Prato 45
Collection 47
Treatment 47
Landfill 47
Additional information 47
Brescia, Italy, 1996 48
Summary – Brescia commune 48
Collection 50
Treatment 50
Landfill 51
Additional information 51
Hampshire, England, 1996/97 51
Summary – Hampshire 53
Collection 53
Treatment 53
Landfill 54
Additional information 54
Helsinki, Finland, 1997 54
Summary – Helsinki 54
Collection 56
Treatment 56
Landfill 56
Additional information 57
Lahn-Dill-Kreis, Germany, 1996 57
Summary – Lahn-Dill-Kreis 57
Collection 57
Treatment 59
Landfill 59
Additional information – how to move towards Integrated
Waste Management 59
Vienna, Austria, 1996 61
Summary – Vienna 61
Collection 61
Treatment 63
Landfill 63
Additional information 63
Malmö Region, Sweden, 1996 64
Summary – Malmö Region 64
Collection 66
Treatment 66
Landfill 66
Additional information 67
viii Contents
Zürich, Switzerland, 1997 67
Summary – Zurich 67
Collection 69
Treatment 69
Landfill 70
Additional information 70
Copenhagen, Denmark, 1996 71
Summary – Copenhagen 71
Collection 71
Treatment 73
Landfill 73
Additional information 73
Seattle, USA, 1998 74
Summary – Seattle 74
Collection 74
Treatment 76
Landfill 76
Additional information 77
Case study analysis – conclusions 78
Madras, India, 1999 – a case study from a country with a developing
economy 79
Introduction 79
The development of EXNORA 80
The scale of EXNORA’s success 81
Future plans for EXNORA 82
Conclusions 82
Optimisation of Integrated Waste Management systems 82
Chapter 4 Life Cycle Assessment 85
Summary 85
What is Life Cycle Assessment? 85
Benefits of the Life Cycle Approach 86
Limitations of the Life Cycle Approach 87
International Standards Organisation (ISO) – The ISO 14040 series 88
Structure of a Life Cycle Assessment 89
Goal and scope definition 90
Defining the Goal of the study 90
Defining the Scope of the study 91
Product System 91
Functional unit 91
System Boundaries 92
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis (LCI) 93
Data quality requirements 94
Contents ix
Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis 94
Transparency 95
Critical review 95
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 96
Classification 99
Selection of impact categories 99
Characterisation 99
Normalisation 99
Weighting 99
Life Cycle Interpretation 100
Identification of significant issues 101
Evaluation 101
Conclusions, recommendations and reporting 102
Life Cycle Inventory of solid waste 102
Chapter 5 A Life Cycle Inventory of Solid Waste 103
Summary 103
Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Inventory 103
A Life Cycle Inventory of waste 104
Goal definition 104
What are the purposes of the LCI? 105
Defining the functional unit 105
System boundaries 107
Where is the cradle of waste and where is the grave? 107
The cradle 109
The grave 109
What level of detail? 112
The Inventory stage 113
Results of the Life Cycle Inventory model: system inputs and
outputs 117
Net energy consumption 117
Air and water emissions 117
Landfill volume 118
Recovered materials and compost 118
Other statistics 118
Fuel and electricity consumption in the Life Cycle of solid waste 119
Electricity consumption 119
Petrol and diesel consumption 122
Natural gas consumption 122
The economic assessment 122
The main differences between IWM-1 and IWM-2 Life Cycle
Inventory models 124
Other LCI models for waste management 125
x Contents
US Environmental Protection Agency Life Cycle model for
waste management 125
The UK Environment Agency model 125
CSR/EPIC model 126
The relationship between a Life Cycle Inventory for waste and
product or packaging Life Cycle Inventories 126
Chapter 6 LCI Case Studies 129
Summary 129
Introduction 129
Caracas, Venezuela – LCI scenarios for the recovery of
recyclable material 129
LCI tool 129
Baseline scenario 131
Recycling scenario 131
Comparison 131
Conclusions 132
Acknowledgement 132
Pamplona, Spain – LCI scenarios for separate collection of organic
material 132
LCI tool 132
Baseline scenario 132
Pamplona scenarios 133
Results 133
Conclusions 134
Acknowledgement 134
Gloucestershire county, UK – LCI scenarios for composting,
recycling and incineration 136
Development of waste management scenarios for Gloucestershire 136
Baseline scenario 136
Results 136
Conclusions 1 139
Application 139
Further studies 140
Use of LCI results by local authorities 140
Conclusions 2 141
Acknowledgements 141
Barcelona Metropolitan Area – LCI for long-term Integrated Waste
Management strategy planning 142
Collection and disposal 142
Objectives of the new waste management system 142
Use of an LCI tool to help develop the new Integrated
Waste Management system 142
Contents xi
The new Integrated Waste Management system 144
Conclusions 145
London, Ontario, Canada – LCI for assessment of different
materials recycling options 147
Results from the LCI model 149
Energy 149
Global Warming Potential (GWP) 150
Conclusions 151
Acknowledgements 151
United States Environmental Protection Agency case studies 152
Background 152
Decision Support Tool 152
Testing the Decision Support Tool in local communities 154
Wisconsin case study methodology and results 155
Waste composition, generation, and recycling data 155
Collection, recycling, and disposal options for residential, multi-family, and
commercial waste 155
Key assumptions employed 156
Discussion of results 157
Acknowledgements 158
United Kingdom Environment Agency case studies 159
Introduction 159
Interpretation of the data from WISARD 160
Brighton & Hove Council 162
Carmarthenshire County Council 162
Nottingham City Council 162
Dorset County Council 162
Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council 162
Pendle Borough Council (Lancashire) 162
Powys County Council 163
Shropshire County Council 163
Surrey County Council 163
Conclusions 164
Acknowledgements 164
Where to from here? 164
Chapter 7 The Overall Picture 165
Introduction 165
From Life Cycle Inventory results to sustainability 167
The progress so far 167
Future directions 168