Table Of ContentINTEGRATED
HUMAN-MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE
This page intentionally left blank
INTEGRATED
HUMAN-MACHINE
INTELLIGENCE
BEYOND ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
WEI LIU
Professor of AI College, Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211, 1000AEAmsterdam, Netherlands
TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2023Tsinghua UniversityPressLimited.Allrights reserved.
Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmittedinanyform orbyany
means, electronicormechanical, including photocopying,recording,orany informa-
tionstorageandretrieval system, withoutpermissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.
Details onhowtoseek permission, furtherinformation aboutthePublisher’spermis-
sionspolicies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyright
ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under
copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnew research
andexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional
practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledge
inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments
describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethods theyshouldbemindfulof
theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomthey havea
professionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, or
editors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorproperty asa
matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operationof
anymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-99562-7
Forinformation onallElsevierpublications visitourwebsite
athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:Glyn Jones
EditorialProjectManager:Naomi Robertson
ProductionProjectManager:PunithavathyGovindaradjane
CoverDesigner: Mark Rogers
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Dedication
Iwouldliketodedicatethisbooktomydearmother,MinhuaZhuandto
my family.
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Abouttheauthor xi
Preface xiii
1. The essence of intelligence 1
1. Thesourceofintelligenceintheeastandthewest 1
2. Thegenerationofintelligence 6
3. Thepastandpresentstateofartificialintelligence 12
4. Threestages ofthedevelopmentofartificialintelligence 17
5. Threemajor schoolsofAI 19
6. Flawsofartificialintelligence 20
2. Human-machine hybrid intelligence: standing on the shoulders
of intelligence 27
1. Human-machinehybridintelligence 27
2. Originandfuturedevelopmentdirection ofhuman-machinehybrid
intelligence 31
3. Human-machineintelligenceisneitherhumanintelligencenorartificial
intelligence 32
4. Theuseofman-machine hybridintelligence 44
3. The essence of intelligence is not data, algorithms, computing
power, or knowledge 51
1. Theessenceofintelligence 51
2. Thebottleneckproblemofahuman-machinehybrid 63
3. WhyisithardforAItoland 65
4. Sideeffectsofintelligence(includingAI) 67
5. Apieceofadviceforhumanpilots 68
4. Three hurdles through which artificial intelligence cannot go 71
1. Interpretability:thefirsthurdlethroughwhichartificialintelligence
cannotgo 71
2. Learning:thesecond hurdleforartificialintelligence 74
3. Commonsense:thethirdhurdleforartificialintelligence 77
4. Thefirstprincipleofintelligence 79
5. Intelligenceisnoteverything 86
6. Thecornerstone ofhumanintelligencemaynotreallybemathematics 89
vii
viii Contents
5. Military intelligence 95
1. Theconceptofmilitaryintelligence 95
2. Developmentofmilitary intelligence 97
3. DevelopmentofUSmilitaryintelligence 106
4. Keyfactorstowintheintelligentwarinthefuture 114
5. Challengesofdeepsituationawareness inintelligent
warfare 116
6. Research on the application of antiartificial intelligence in the
military field 123
1. Antiartificialintelligenceinthemilitaryfield 124
2. Thenatureofantiartificialintelligence 124
3. Thenecessityofantiartificialintelligenceresearch 125
4. AntiartificialintelligencedevelopmentintheUSmilitary 126
5. Antiartificialintelligenceanddeepsituationawareness 128
6. Antiartificialintelligenceandthehuman-machinehybrid 130
7. Methodsandstrategiesforantiartificialintelligence 133
8. Suggestions 134
7. Deep situation awareness 137
1. Deepsituationawareness: theoriginofthetheory 138
2. Decryptionofdeepsituationawareness 141
3. Theconstructionofmeaning 145
8. The problem of autonomy 149
1. Thedevelopmenthistoryandstatusquo ofautonomy 150
2. Theconceptofautonomyanditstheoreticalorigin 158
3. Thetheoreticalexpression andmodelofautonomy 161
4. Theconsiderationofautonomous problems 165
5. Thefuturedevelopingandinvestmentdirection 170
9. Reflection on human-machine hybrid intelligence 179
1. Thoughtsonthehuman’sintelligenceinhuman-machine hybrid 179
2. Thethinkingaboutthecurrenthuman-machine hybridintelligence
bottleneck 181
3. Thinkinginthefieldofhuman-machinehybridintelligencein
thefuture 194
4. Arevolutionissweepingartificialintelligence 198
5. Artificialintelligenceandethicalquestions 201
Contents ix
10. Rethinking intelligence of human-machine hybrid 211
1. Theoriginandfuturedevelopmentdirection ofartificialintelligence 211
2. Thekeyissuesin thefutureofhuman-machine hybridintelligence 213
3. Thefuturedevelopmentdirectionofhuman-machinehybrid
intelligence 215
4. Difficultiesfacinghuman-machine hybridintelligence 219
5. Difficultiesofhuman-machinehybridintelligence:research ondeep
situationawareness 225
6. Persona:thebridgeforhuman-machinecommunication 230
11. Human wisdom and artificial intelligence 237
1. Intelligentthinking 241
2. Humanconsciousness hasapurpose 251
3. Theadvantages ofhumanwisdom:fromtheknowntotheunknown 258
4. Frommachinelearning tolearningmachines 261
5. StrongAI:ahandshakebetweenhumanwisdomandartificial
intelligence 263
6. 100questionsaboutintelligence 265
Postscript 269
Index 275
