Table Of ContentInorganic Ion
Exchangers in
Chemical Analysis
Editors
Mohsin Qureshi, Ph.D.
(Deceased)
Emeritus Scientist
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Retired Dean
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, India
K. G. Varshney, Ph.D.
Department of Applied Chemistry
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, India
CRC Press
Boca Raton Ann Arbor Boston
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Inorganic ion exchangers in chemical analysis / editors, Mohsin
Qureshi, K. G. Varshney.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-5526-5
1. Inorganic ion exchange materials. 2. Ion exchange.
I. Qureshi, Mohsin. II.Varshney, K. G.
QD562.I63I56 1990
543'.0893—dc20 90-39194
CIP
This book represents information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Every reasonable effort
has been made to give reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
All rights reserved. This book, or any parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written consent
from the publisher.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
© 1991 by CRC Press, Inc.
1991 by CRC Press, Inc. International Standard Book Number 0-8493-5526-5
Library of Congress Card Number 90-39194
Printed in the United States
DEDICATION
To all friends and colleagues in the international community of chem-
ists who have made 3 decades of inorganic ion exchangers such a pleasure.
K. G. Varshney, Ph.D.
PREFACE
Since the publication of C. Β. Amphlett's monograph Inorganic Ion Exchangers in 1964,
these materials have gained renewed interest and a well defined position in analytical chem-
istry. As a result, in 1982 A. Clearfield edited a CRC Press publication entitled Inorganic
Ion Exchange Materials which gave an excellent description of these various types of
materials as elucidated by authorities in the field. The main emphasis of these publications
has, however, been on physical chemistry, particularly of the crystalline materials. The
amorphous or poorly crystalline inorganic ion exchangers were not properly dealt with and
their analytical aspects were not fully explored.
In view of this, the present project was undertaken in order to give a comprehensive
overview of the diverse studies done so far on inorganic ion exchangers and their analytical
applications. An attempt has been made to highlight the various aspects of these studies
with the help of a renowned group of scientists working in the field of chemical analysis.
It is hoped that the information presented in this publication will benefit analytical chemists
seeking some simple and novel means of separations with the help of the easy-to-prepare
chromatographic materials.
K. G. Varshney, Ph.D.
THE EDITORS
Professor Mohsin Qureshi, Ph.D., was an Emeritus Scientist of the Council of Sci-
entific and Industrial Research of India. He retired as the Head of the Chemistry Section
and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University on
March 31, 1984. He was appointed as a Lecturer of Chemistry in the Chemistry Department
of Aligarh Muslim University in 1944, joined the Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
as a graduate student in 1955, and received his Ph.D. degree in 1958 from that University
under Professor P. W. West. On his return to India in 1959, Dr. Qureshi started a new
course in Analytical Chemistry leading to the M.S. degree in Aligarh Muslim University.
In 1963 he was appointed Reader in Analytical Chemistry and in 1968 Professor in the
Chemistry Section, Ζ. H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim Uni-
versity, Aligarh. Professor Qureshi died on July 17, 1988 in a road accident.
Until his death, Professor Qureshi had been an active worker and was engaged in three
research projects sponsored by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
the University Grants Commission (UGC), and the Department of Science and Technology
(DST). His research interests included chromatography, ion exchange, synthetic inorganic
ion exchangers, detection and determination of organic functional groups, solid state chem-
istry, and environmental chemistry.
Professor Qureshi published more than 130 research papers in leading international
journals and guided about 30 students for the Ph.D. degree. He was a Fellow of the Chemical
Society of England, chaired numerous sessions in national and international conferences,
and was invited to deliver talks by various Indian and foreign universities and research
organizations.
Krishna Gopal Varshney, Ph.D., at present, a Reader in the Department of Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, did his
M.Sc. in 1963 and Ph.D. in 1968 specializing in Analytical Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh (India) under the supervision of Professor Mohsin Qureshi. He was
engaged in the various assignments of teaching and research before his placement as Lecturer
in 1971 in his present department, where he started guiding research independently. In 1983
he went to Rome as a Visiting Professor to do postdoctoral research with Professor Aldo
LaGinestra at the University of Rome on thermal and catalytic behavior of inorganic ion
exchangers.
Thus far, Dr. Varshney has guided 13 students for their Ph.D. degree and 18 students
for their M.Phil, degree, and has about 100 research publications to his credit all in journals
of international repute. He has attended more than 20 conferences/seminars/workshops both
of national and international character and has lectured/presided in some of them. His fields
of main interest have been chromatography, ion exchange, electrophoresis, spectrophoto-
metry, synthetic inorganic ion exchangers and environmental chemistry.
Dr. Varshney has been a member of the Advisory Board of CRC's Handbook of Chro-
matography (Inorganics) with Drs. Gunter Zweig and Joseph Sherma as its Chief Editors
and Dr. Mohsin Qureshi as the Section Editor. He has also been a co-author in a chapter
entitled ' Thin Layer Chromatography of Inorganics and Organometallics" in the Handbook
of Thin Layer Chromatography, edited by Drs. J. Sherma and B. Fried, a Marcel Dekker
publication.
Dr. Varshney is a life member of the various learned scientific societies of India, such
as the Indian Science Congress, Indian Chemical Society, Indian Council of Chemists, and
the Indian Society of Analytical Scientists. He also particpates in panels of experts for
various leading research journals of India.
The current research interest of Dr. K. G. Varshney lies in the area of environmental
studies. He has been conducting research projects funded by the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR), the University Grants Commission (UGC), and the U. P. Council
of Science and Technology (UPCST) to explore the various applications of inorganic ion
exchangers, such as the industrial effluent treatments, catalysis, and the analysis of alloys,
minerals and pharmaceutical products.
CONTRIBUTORS
Cornells J. Coetzee, D.Sc. Mohsin Qureshi, Ph.D.
Professor (Deceased)
Department of Chemistry Emeritus Scientist
University of the Western Cape Council of Scientific and Industrial
Bellville, South Africa Research
Retired Dean
Alan Dyer, Ph.D., D.Sc. Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Reader Aligarh Muslim University
Department of Chemistry Aligarh, India
University of Salford
Salford, England
J. van R. Smit, D.Phil.
Hahn & Hahn
Mukhtar A. Khan, Ph.D.
Hatfield, Pretoria
Reader
Republic of South Africa
Department of Chemistry
Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi, India
Laszlo Szirtes, Ph.D.
Institute of Isotopes
Milan Marhol, Ph.D.
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Nuclear Research Institute
Budapest, Hungary
Rez u Prahy, Czechoslovakia
Vladimir Pekarek, C.Sc.
Department of Crystallization and Krishna Gopal Varshney, Ph.D.
Calorimetry Department of Applied Chemistry
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Aligarh Muslim University
Prague, Czechoslovakia Aligarh, India
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful to my friend Dr. J. P. Rawat, Reader, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh, for his valuable suggestions and critical evaluation of the
manuscript despite his very busy schedules. My thanks are also due to the publishers who
granted permission to reproduce information from the sources noted in the text, and to Mr.
H. C. Saxena for his excellent typing skills. In conclusion, my sincere thanks to my family
members for their great sacrifices and moral support during the preparation of this manuscript.
K. G. Varshney, Ph.D.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Historical Background of Inorganic Ion Exchangers, Their Classification, and Present
Status 1
Vladimir Pekarek and Milan Marhol
Chapter 2
Modern Theories of Ion Exchange and Ion Exchange Selectivity
with Particular Reference to Zeolites 33
A. Dyer
Chapter 3
Insoluble Heteropolyacid Salts 57
J. van R. Smit
Chapter 4
Inorganic Ion Exchangers in Radio Chemical Analysis 91
Laszlo Szirtes
Chapter 5
Inorganic Ion Exchangers for Ion Selective Electrodes 143
C. J. Coetzee
Chapter 6
Amorphous Inorganic Ion Exchangers 177
K. G. Varshney and Mukhtar A. Khan
Index 271
