Innovation in Brazil: Advancing Development in the 21st Century

375 Pages·2019·7.183 MB·English

by  Elisabeth B Reynolds, Ben Ross Schneider, Ezequiel Zylberberg

Innovation in Brazil
Since the early 2000s, state-led and innovation-focused strategies have
characterized the approach to development pursued in countries around the
world, such as China, India, and South Korea. Brazil, the largest and most
industrialized economy in Latin America, demonstrates both the opportunities
and challenges of this approach. Over the course of nearly 20 years, the B razilian
government enacted various policies and programs designed to strengthen the
country’s capacity to innovate. It increased spending on science and technology,
encouraged greater collaboration between industry and u niversities, and
fostered the creation of new institutions whose primary aim was to facilitate
greater private research and development (R&D) spending.
In this book, the editors unite a diverse array of empirical contributions
around a few key themes, including public policies, institutions and innovation
ecosystems, and firms and industries, that collectively make the case for a new,
forward-looking innovation agenda aimed at addressing persistent challenges
and exploiting emerging opportunities in Brazil. Its conclusions offer valuable
lessons for other developing and emerging economies seeking to accelerate
innovation and growth in the modern age.
With its interdisciplinary and wide-ranging contribution to the study of
innovation, as well as attention to broader policy implications, this book will
appeal to scholars and professionals alike.
Elisabeth B. Reynolds is Executive Director of MIT’s Industrial Performance
Center and Lecturer in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning.
Ben Ross Schneider is Ford International Professor of Political Science at
MIT and Director of the MIT-Brazil program.
Ezequiel Zylberberg is a Research Affiliate at MIT’s Industrial Performance
Center.
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Innovation in Brazil
Advancing Development in the 21st Century
Edited by Elisabeth B. Reynolds, Ben Ross Schneider, and Ezequiel Zylberberg
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ledge-Studies-in-Innovation-Organizations-and-Technology/book-series/
RIOT
Innovation in Brazil
Advancing Development in the 21st Century
Edited by
Elisabeth B. Reynolds,
Ben Ross Schneider and
Ezequiel Zylberberg
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Elisabeth B. Reynolds, Ben Ross
Schneider and Ezequiel Zylberberg; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Elisabeth B. Reynolds, Ben Ross Schneider and Ezequiel
Zylberberg to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of
the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
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from the publishers.
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
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ISBN: 978-0-367-14689-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-05309-2 (ebk)
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Contents
List of contributors viii
Acknowledgments xiv
List of abbreviations xvii
Foreword xxi
RICHARD LESTER
Introduction: innovation in Brazil: advancing
development in the 21st century 1
BEN ROSS SCHNEIDER AND ELISABETH B. REYNOLDS
PART I
The political economy of innovation 21
1 Institutions, politics, and state-led innovation 23
DANILO LIMOEIRO AND BEN ROSS SCHNEIDER
2 Accelerating innovation in Brazil in the age of global
value chains 45
EZEQUIEL ZYLBERBERG AND TIMOTHY STURGEON
3 Innovation policy in Brazil since 2003: advances,
incoherencies, and discontinuities 73
GLAUCO ARBIX
PART II
Towards a knowledge economy: knowledge creation
and diffusion 91
4 Science and innovation in Brazil: where to now? 93
CLÁUDIO R. FRISCHTAK
vi Contents
5 Benchmarking university/industry research
collaboration in Brazil 120
CARLOS HENRIQUE DE BRITO CRUZ
6 Universities as engines of innovation: the context for
tech transfer in case studies from Brazil and the U.S. 144
ELISABETH B. REYNOLDS AND FERNANDA DE NEGRI
PART III
Institutional innovations 169
7 Institutional dimensions of innovation policy in Brazil 171
CARLOS AMÉRICO PACHECO
8 Beyond research and technology organization (RTO)
benchmarking: towards a typology of innovation
intermediaries 189
EZEQUIEL ZYLBERBERG
9 Beyond the Silicon Valley consensus: understanding
the organizational challenges and opportunities for
promoting innovation in Brazil 211
MICHAEL PIORE AND CAUAM FERREIRA CARDOSO
10 Building trust in innovation: the case of EMBRAPII 231
JOÃO FERNANDO GOMES DE OLIVEIRA AND JORGE ALMEIDA
GUIMARÃES
PART IV
Firms, industries and innovation in the global economy 257
11 Brazil’s promise: boosting productivity for shared
prosperity 259
MARK A. DUTZ
12 Resource-led industrial development in the oil and gas
global value chain: the case of Brazil 282
RENATO LIMA-DE-OLIVEIRA
Contents vii
13 Innovation in advanced energy: towards a mission-
oriented agenda for second-generation (2G) ethanol
in Brazil 303
BERNARDO GRADIN AND LUIZ HORTA NOGUEIRA
14 The political economy of collective learning in
generic pharmaceuticals 319
MARIA VICTORIA DEL CAMPO
Index 344
Contributors
Glauco Arbix is a full professor at the University of São Paulo and Researcher
at the Observatory of Innovation and Competitiveness of the Institute of
Advanced Studies (USP). He was President of FINEP (2011–15) and Tinker
Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA, 2010). He was a
member of the National Council of Science and Technology (2007–11),
President of the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA, 2003–6),
and Coordinator of the Strategic Affairs Unit of the Presidency of the
Republic (NAE, 2003–6). Member of the Group of Advisers of the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP-UN, 2006–9) and Fulbright New
Century Scholar (2009–10), he was a professor at Unicamp (1996–7) and
Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV-SP, 1995). He completed postdoctoral stud-
ies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT (U.S., 1999 and 2010),
Columbia University (U.S., 2007 and 2009), University of California-
Berkeley (U.S., 2008), and London School of Economics (United Kingdom,
2002).
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz is the Scientific Director at the São Paulo
Research Foundation, FAPESP, since 2005. Carlos graduated in electron-
ics engineering at the Aeronautics Technology Institute (ITA). He took a
Master’s and a doctorate at Unicamp’s Gleb Wataghin Physics Institute. He
has been a professor at Unicamp’s Physics Institute since 1982, where he is
now a full professor in the Quantum Electronics Department. He directed
the Physics Institute at Unicamp for two terms, was President of FAPESP
(1996–2002), and Rector of Unicamp (2001–5). Carlos is a member of the
Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Fellow of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. He received the Ordre des Palmes Academiques
de France, the Order of the Scientific Merit from the Federative Republic
of Brazil, and the Order of the British Empire, Honorary (OBE) in 2015.
Cauam Ferreira Cardoso is a PhD candidate in international economic
development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since the
start of his professional career in 2002, he has lived on six different con-
tinents, and worked professionally on five. After developing several socio-
environmental and sanitation projects in Brazil, Cauam spent two years in
Contributors ix
Angola, where he worked with large-scale sanitation and solid waste man-
agement projects. At MIT, since the fall of 2012, Cauam has been conduct-
ing research on the interface between technological change and economic
development in emerging countries, as well as the implementation of devel-
opment policies and projects. He also continues to work as a consultant for
public, private, and non-profit organizations working in and with countries
in the Global South. Cauam has a Master’s in Political Economy from the
University of Sydney (Australia) and a Bachelor’s in Civil Engineering, with
qualification in Sanitary and Environmental Engineering from Universidade
Federal de Santa Catarina (Brazil).
Fernanda de Negri holds a PhD in economics from the University of Campi-
nas (Unicamp) in Brazil. She is a Researcher at the Institute for Applied Eco-
nomic Research (Ipea), a public research institution linked to the Brazilian
Ministry of Planning. From 2012 to 2017 she was the Director at the Divi-
sion of Production and Innovation Studies of the Institute. Fernanda is a vis-
iting researcher at the IPC. Previously, Fernanda was the Head of the Office
of Monitoring and Evaluation of the Ministry of Science, Technology and
Innovation in 2011–12 and Economic Advisor to the Ministry of Industry
and Foreign Trade in 2008–9. She was also Deputy Director at the Division
of Production and Innovations Studies at IPEA, between 2009 and 2010.
Fernanda has published several papers and books on foreign trade, foreign
investment, innovation, and productivity. One of her books is the result of
the dissertation “Commercial Performance of Foreign Companies in Brazil
in the 90s,” for which she received the BNDES Prize in Economics. Her last
book about productivity in Brazil was a finalist for one of the most prestig-
ious Brazilian literary prizes on economics (the Jabuti Prize).
Maria Victoria del Campo is a private sector economist at IDB Invest’s
Strategy and Development Effectiveness Department. Her areas of exper-
tise include private-sector development, regional and urban economics,
and political economy, concentrating on the role of multilateral develop-
ment banks. Her current research examines determinants of innovation and
growth in global value chains, and the links between financial markets and
development outcomes. She has lectured on economic development issues
at MIT and George Washington University, and holds a PhD from MIT’s
Department of Urban Studies and Planning.
Mark A. Dutz is leading the work program on innovation and growth in the
Economic Policy and Debt Department of the World Bank’s Poverty Reduc-
tion and Economic Management (PREM) Network. As part of recent work
on business and government-business relations, he was lead author and edi-
tor of the book Unleashing India’s Innovation: Toward Sustainable and Inclusive
Growth, which has been translated into Chinese, Hindi, and Japanese. Mark
has worked in all geographic regions of the Bank Group, and in the Office
of the Chief Economist. His experiences outside the World Bank include: