Inflammation : fundamental mechanisms

369 Pages·2018·24.879 MB·English

by  Klaus Ley

10028_9789813109438_tp.indd 1 28/2/18 12:02 PM
10028_9789813109438_tp.indd 1 28/2/18 12:02 PM
b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads
TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk
b2530_FM.indd 6 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM
10028_9789813109438_tp.indd 2 28/2/18 12:02 PM
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ley, Klaus, 1957– editor.
Title: Inflammation : fundamental mechanisms / edited by Klaus Ley.
Other titles: Inflammation (Ley)
Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, 2018. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017058719 | ISBN 9789813109438 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Inflammation--physiopathology
Classification: LCC RB131 | NLM QZ 150 | DDC 616/.0473--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058719
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy
is not required from the publisher.
For any available supplementary material, please visit
http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10028#t=suppl
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore
XiaoLing - 10028 - Inflammation.indd 1 19-12-17 1:53:46 PM
9x6 b3151 Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms
Contents
Chapter 1 TNF Superfamily in Inflammation 1
Marisol Veny, Richard Virgen-Slane
and Carl F. Ware
1. Introduction 1
1.1. Discovery of TNF and lymphotoxin 1
1.2. Description of TNFSF proteins 2
1.2.1. TNFSF ligands 2
1.2.2. TNF receptors superfamily 5
1.2.3. Ligand-receptor binding models 5
1.2.4. The lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis
factor network 6
1.3. Signaling pathways 8
1.3.1. The TNF-TNFR pathway 8
1.3.2. LTbR signaling and the alternative NF-kB
pathway 10
2. TNFSF and inflammation 11
2.1. Acute inflammation 11
2.2. Chronic inflammation and autoimmunity 15
2.3. TNFSF signatures in human pathologies 18
v
b3151_FM.indd 5 06-Mar-18 10:00:07 AM
b3151 Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms 9x6
vi Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms
2.3.1. Rheumatoid arthritis 18
2.3.2. Inflammatory bowel disease 19
2.4. E xperimental models and the TNFSF as drug targets 21
3. Targeting TNFSF in the clinic 26
3.1. TNF inhibitors 26
3.2. Other TNFSF targets 29
4. Summary 31
Acknowledgements 32
References 32
Chapter 2 Complement as a Mediator of Inflammation 51
B. Paul Morgan
1. Introduction to the complement system 51
1.1. What is complement? 51
1.2. Initiation of complement activation 52
1.3. Amplification in the activation pathways 52
1.4. The amplification loop of the alternative pathway 54
1.5. Amplification at the stage of C5 cleavage 54
1.6. Assembly of the membrane attack complex 55
1.7. Active products of complement activation 55
1.8. Complement regulation 57
1.9. Complement receptors 57
2. Complement roles in health 58
2.1. Protection against infection 58
2.2. Immune complex solubilisation 58
2.3. Priming adaptive immunity 59
2.4. Regulating lipid metabolism 59
3. Complement roles in disease 60
3.1. Complement and autoimmunity 60
3.2. Complement deficiencies 61
3.3. Complement mutations and polymorphisms 63
b3151_FM.indd 6 06-Mar-18 10:00:07 AM
9x6 b3151 Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms
Contents vii
4. Complement as a driver of inflammation 64
4.1. General principles 64
4.2. Complement anaphylatoxins 65
4.3. Membrane attack complex 68
4.4. Complement and inflammasome activation 70
5. Complement inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs 71
5.1. Pathway blockers as anti-inflammatory drugs 71
5.2. Blocking C3a and C5a to inhibit inflammation 72
6. Summary and future prospects 73
References 74
Chapter 3 Lipids and Inflammation 79
Valerie B. O’Donnell, Robert C. Murphy
and Garret A. FitzGerald
1. Introduction 79
2. Lipids and inflammation in obesity 80
3. Circulating plasma lipids and inflammation 82
4. Specific lipid classes in inflammation 84
4.1. Eicosanoids and related lipids 84
4.1.1. COX enzymes, products, and their receptors 84
4.1.2. Inhibition of COXs 87
4.1.3. COX metabolites in inflammation 87
4.1.4. LOX enzymes, products, and their receptors 89
4.1.5. LOX metabolites in inflammation 91
4.1.6. Transcellular generation of eicosanoids 92
4.1.7. Endocannabinoids and inflammation 94
4.1.8. Isoprostanes and inflammation 96
4.2. Phospholipids in inflammation 96
4.2.1. Aminophospholipid translocation
in inflammation 97
4.2.2. Oxidized phospholipids in inflammation 97
b3151_FM.indd 7 06-Mar-18 10:00:07 AM
b3151 Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms 9x6
viii Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms
4.2.3. Lysophospholipids (LP) and
phosphatidic acid (PA) 100
4.2.4. Phosphoinositides 101
4.3. Ceramides/sphingolipids 103
5. Lipid receptors in inflammation: PPAR and LXR 105
5.1. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) 105
5.2. Liver X receptor (LXR) 107
6. Lipidomics of inflammation: Analysis of bioactive lipids 107
7. Summary 109
References 109
Chapter 4 Reactive Oxygen Species 125
Ulla G. Knaus
1. Introduction 125
2. Reactive oxygen species 126
2.1. Superoxide 127
2.2. Hydrogen peroxide 128
2.3. Hydroxyl radical 129
2.4. Hypochlorous acid 129
2.5. Oxidative protein modification 130
3. Oxidant–antioxidant balance 131
4. ROS sources 135
4.1. H O as secondary enzymatic product 135
2 2
4.2. Prokaryotic H O 136
2 2
4.3. O • – as secondary enzymatic product —
2
Mitochondrial electron transport chain 137
4.4. O • – and H O as primary enzymatic
2 2 2
product — NADPH oxidases 139
4.4.1. NOX/DUOX structural organization 140
4.4.2. NOX2 assembly and activation 143
4.4.3. Regulation of other NOX/DUOX family
members 146
4.4.4. ROS deficiency due to NADPH oxidase
variants including CGD 147
b3151_FM.indd 8 06-Mar-18 10:00:07 AM
9x6 b3151 Inflammation: Fundamental Mechanisms
Contents ix
5. ROS in immunity and inflammation 148
5.1. M itochondrial ROS in immunity and inflammation 148
5.2. N OX2-derived ROS in immunity and inflammation 150
6. Outlook 152
Acknowledgments 153
Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations 153
References 155
Chapter 5 Leukocyte Adhesion 171
Klaus Ley and Zhichao Fan
1. Leukocyte adhesion molecules 172
1.1. Integrins 172
1.1.1. Endothelial ligands for integrins 180
1.1.2. ECM ligands for integrins 181
1.2. Selectins 181
1.3. Leukocyte ligands for selectins 182
1.4. Immunoglobulin adhesion molecules 183
2. Biomechanics of leukocytes adhesion under flow 184
3. Adhesion cascade 186
3.1. Deviations from the adhesion cascade 187
4. Leukocyte subsets 188
5. Leukocyte adhesion in lymphatics 190
6. Leukocyte adhesion to thrombi 190
7. Defects in leukocyte adhesion 191
References 192
Chapter 6 Neutrophil Extracellular Traps 205
Tobias A. Fuchs, Abdul Hakkim and
Constantin F. Urban
1. Introduction 205
1.1. Introduction of neutrophils 206
1.2. Discovery of NETs 207
2. Architecture and composition of NETs 208
b3151_FM.indd 9 06-Mar-18 10:00:07 AM