Table Of ContentINDUSTRIAL
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
A Guidebook
Joseph D. Edwards, Ph.D., P.E.
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
First published 1995 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1995 by CRC Press, Inc.
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the
validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to
publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let
us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or
utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho-
tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of
users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has
been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Edwards, Joseph D.
Industrial wastewater treatment: a guidebook / Joseph D. Edwards.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56670-112-0
1. Factory and trade waste—Purification. 2. Sewage—
Purification. I. Title.
TD897.5.E33 1995
628.3—dc20 95-5800
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 95005800
Publisher’s Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in
the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have
been unable to contact.
ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89440-9 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07350-9 (ebk)
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the
CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
THE AUTHOR
Joseph D. Edwards, P.E., Ph.D., has worked
in industry, consulting, academia, and government.
He has implemented new industrial processes, fixed
old ones, designed and started up waste treatment
processes, determined the cause of treatment plant
upsets, assessed the impact of new production pro-
cesses on waste management activities, and devel-
oped hazardous waste reduction plans. In addition,
he has developed local limits for industrial dis-
charges, reviewed process engineering reports for
wastewater treatment systems, written permits for
industrial dischargers, developed compliance plans, conducted analysis of the
effects of discharges on municipal treatment plants, and helped to revise state
regulations regarding the discharge of dangerous waste to the sanitary sewer.
He is the co-inventor of a patented process for removing toxic organics and
metals from manufacturing wastewater.
Dr. Edwards earned a B.S. in Chemistry, a M.S. in Civil Engineering, Air
Resources, and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Environmental Science and
Technology, from the University of Washington. His Ph.D. dissertation evalu-
ates the use of diffusion dialysis for the recovery of acids from spent process
solutions. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Washington.
Dr. Edwards can be reached via e-mail at [email protected].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the three shops who let me share their experience in the
appendices and pilot test examples and who reviewed the text to help to ensure
that it is accurate. Thanks to the shop that provided the photograph of the sink
for the front cover.
Thanks to Rick Renaud, P.E. (Municipality of Metropolitan King County,
Metro) and Professor Mark Benjamin (University of Washington) for support-
ing this book in its proposal stage and having confidence that it could be done.
Most of all I want to thank my wife, Belle Randall Edwards, for her help
and encouragement. She read the book cover-to-cover and made many helpful
comments. She also provided much needed moral support.
CONTENTS
1. How to Use This Book 1
Introduction 1
Book Outline 3
Chapter 2: Characterizing Your Wastewater
Chapter 3: Determining Your Wastewater
Management Limitations 3
Chapter 4: Developing Wastewater
Management Alternatives 4
Chapter 5: Evaluating the Alternatives 4
Chapter 6: Selecting the Best Alternative 5
Chapter 7: Implementing the Wastewater Treatment System 5
Chapter 8: Working with Suppliers 6
Chapter 9: Annotated Bibliography 6
Appendices 7
2. Characterizing Your Wastewater 9
Introduction 9
The Source- Where Is the Wastewater Generated? 10
The Volume- How Much Wastewater Is Produced? 13
The Generation Pattern- When Is It Discharged? 16
The Contaminants-What Does the Wastewater Contain? 17
Wastewater Parameters of Concern 18
pH 18
Flash Point 19
Temperature 19
Heavy Metal Concentrations 20
Organic Compounds Present and Their Concentrations 21
Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) Concentration 21
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 22
What Is in the Products You Use? 22
What Is Removed from the Material Being Processed? 23
What Do Others Know About Your Wastewater? 23
Sampling Your Wastewater 24
What Waste Streams Will Be Sampled? 25
Who Will Take the Samples? 25
What Safety Precautions Will the Sampler Take? 26
How Many Samples Will Be Taken and When
Will the Samples Be Taken? 26
How Will the Samples Be Obtained? 27
Use a Pan or Bucket 27
Use an Automatic Sampler 28
Collect All of the Wastewater 30
Take Grab Samples Manually at
Predetermined Intervals 30
How Will the Samples Be Handled? 31
What Methods Will Be Used to Analyze the Samples? 31
What Information and Data Will Be Reported? 31
3. Determining Wastewater Management Limitations 33
Introduction 33
Regulatory Considerations 33
Wastewater Discharge Regulations 35
Sanitary Sewers 37
Storm Drains 42
Septic Tank Systems 44
Hazardous Waste 44
Solid Waste 45
Air Pollution Control 46
Industrial Hygiene and Safety 47
Recycler's Requirements 47
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements 48
Budgetary Considerations 48
Shop Impact Considerations 49
4. Developing Wastewater Management Alternatives 51
Introduction 51
Do Not Produce Out-Of-Compliance Wastewater 52
Change the Process 52
Segregate the Waste Streams 53
Change the Parts 54
Collect Your Wastewater and Have It Hauled Away 54
Install a Wastewater Treatment System 54
Descriptions of Some Available Treatment Technologies 55
Physical/Chemical Treatment 55
Gravity Separation 55
Oil Water Separators 55
Clarifiers 57
Catch Basins and Sumps 58
Filtration 58
Chemical Precipitation 60
Evaporation 64
Oxidation 64
Reduction 65
Air Stripping 65
Activated Carbon Adsorption 66
Ion Exchange and Adsorption by Other
Media 67
Electrolytic Recovery 67
Membrane Separation 68
Thermal Treatment 69
Biological Treatment 69
System Design Options 70
Do-It-Yourself System 70
Purchased System 70
Haul It Away 70
Information Sources 70
Contact Shops 70
Contact Trade Associations 71
Contact Suppliers 71
Go to the Library and Bookstores 71
Contact Regulatory Agencies for Information 71
List the Alternatives 72
5. Evaluating the Alternatives 73
Introduction 73
Evaluation Criteria for a Wastewater Treatment System 73
Evaluation of Alternatives to a Pretreatment System 74
Process Changes 74
Chemical Recovery 76
Evaluation of Alternatives 76
See It in Action 76
Do a Bench Test 77
Chemical Precipitation Bench Test Example 77
Equipment Needed 77
Preparing for the Test 80
Run a Blank 80
Run an Oily Water Blank 81
Try It on Your Wastewater 81
Do a Pilot Test 84
Pilot Test Example 85
6. Selecting the Best Alternative 89
Introduction 89
First Screening - Rough Cut 89
Second Screening -A Closer Look 89
Does It Work? 90
What Does It Cost? 91
Purchase and Installation 91
Operation and Maintenance 93
Disposal of Treatment Residue 94
Operating Requirements 94
Treated Water Disposal 94
Waste Treatment Residual Disposal 94
Do It Yourself or Buy a Packaged Plant 95
Benefits and Deficiencies 95
Cost Benefit Analysis 96
Make Your Decision 97
7. Implementing the Wastewater Treatment System 99
Introduction 99
Minimum Documentation Requirements 100
Document the Design Basis 100
Prepare the Final Design 103
Prepare an Operations and Maintenance Manual 105
Obtain the Necessary Permits 105
Train Shop Personnel 107
Install the Equipment 108
Start Up and Evaluate the Treatment System 108
Troubleshoot Problems 109
Operate and Maintain the Treatment System 110
8. Working with Suppliers 113
Introduction 113
What Is a Vendor? 114
What Is a Consultant? 114
Working with Suppliers 114
Experience Level 114
Reputation with Other Businesses and Regulators 115
The Approach 116
Before You Contact the Suppliers 116
When You Contact the Suppliers 116
When the Suppliers Visit 117
9. Annotated Bibliography 119
Introduction 119
Chemistry and Hazard References 121
Regulatory References 124
Wastewater Treatment Technology References 125
Information Source References 136
Appendix 1. Boatyard Wastewater Treatment Example 139
Background 139
Waste Characterization 139
Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives 139
Implementation of the System 141
Appendix 2. Automotive Machine Shop Wastewater
Treatment 145
Introduction 145
Reason for Installing the System 145
Description of the Process Generating the Wastewater 145
Old Facility 145
New Facility 146
Wastewater Characterization- Volume, Analysis,
and Frequency of Generation 146
How the System Was Selected, Including What Testing
and Evaluation Was Done 146
Cost of Installation 149
Operation and Maintenance Requirements and Cost 149
Regulatory Requirements - Pretreatment Program, PSAPCA,
and Others 151
Resultant Cost Savings 151
Appendix 3. Oily Wastewater Treatment Example 153
Introduction 153
Treatment System Development 153
Operations and Maintenance 155
Regulatory Requirements 159
Resultant Cost Savings 159
Index 161
