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Ineinerating
Biosolids
FRANK R. SPELLMAN, Ph.D.
HAMPfON ROADS SANITATION DISTRICf
VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA
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For
Peggy Sue MacCann and Randy Piche, Army Base
llizstewater T reatment P lant, Hampton Roads
Sanitation District, Norfolk, Virginia.
Peggy and Randy work h ard to keep the fires burning.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Part I . F undamental C oncepts
1. INTRODUCTION .... . .............. 3
History of Biosolids Reuse 5
Terminology 6
Definition of Key Terms 7
Scope of the Text 11
2. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ............ 13
Requirements of EPA's 503 Regulations:
Biosolids Incineration 13
Metal Emissions 15
Beryllium a nd M ercury 15
Lead 16
Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, and N ickel 16
Total Hydrocarbons Control 17
Case Study 18
Overview o f Evaluation 18
Preliminary P rocedure 19
Testing Procedure 20
Management Practices Required for Part 503
Compliance 23
Monitoring and R ecording 23
Frequency of Monitoring 24
Recordkeeping 25
Reporting 26
vii
viii Table of Contents
Implementation 27
Required A pplication Information 27
3. BIOSOLlDS: COMPOSITION, T REATMENT,
AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS ...... ..... .. 29
Composition of Biosolids 29
Biosolids 29
Solids Concentration 31
Biosolids Treatment 32
Biosolids Unit Processes 32
Biosolids Management Options 38
4. COMBUSTION THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Principles of Combustion 39
Biosolids Incineration 40
5. TYPES OF INCINERATORS ....... . .. .. .... 43
Multiple-Hearth Furnace 43
Fluid-Bed Furnace 49
Cyclonic Furnace 51
Electric Furnace 55
Comparison of Furnace Types 55
Part I I. Practical Concepts o f Multiple-Hearth I ncineration
6. DESCRIPTION OF MULTIPLE-HEARTH
FURNACE .......... ... . ... . . 5 9
Introduction 59
Solids Calculation 63
Description of Multiple-Hearth Furnace 64
Hearths and I nsulation 64
Center Shaft and D rive M echanism 70
Shaft Drive A ssembly 70
Rabble A rms 70
Induced Draft F an (I. D. Fan) 75
Scrubber S ystem 75
Precooler 79
Venturi Scrubber 79
Impingement Scrubber 80
Ash H andling System 85
Burners 85
Combustion Air 90
Fuel Oil Storage and N atural Gas Input 91
Oxygen Analyzer 91
Table of Contents ix
Biosolids Storage Tanks 92
Polymer S ystem 92
Centrifuges 94
Feed B iosolids Belt C onveyor 95
Feed Cake Weigh Scale 97
Instrument A ir S ystem 97
Scum Concentrator 97
Furnace Central Control Console 98
Summary 102
7. O PERATION O F M ULTIPLE-HEARTH
FURNACE . ... .. ....... .. .. .. ..... 1 05
Operation of MHF 105
Furnace Zones 105
Auxiliary F uel 106
Draft 108
Combustion 110
Air 110
Alarm System 115
Burnout 116
Shaft Speed a nd I ts Effect o n Incineration 122
Operating Tips 123
Scrubber Operation and A djustment 125
Operating Tips: Scrubber S ystem 126
Burner a nd F uel Supply E quipment 127
Operation on Natural Gas 132
Recordkeeping Requirements 133
8. PREVENTIVE M AINTENANCE
PRACTICES: MULTIPLE-HEARTH
FURNACE .... .. ... . .. . . . . . . . . . W3
Maintenance Management System (MMS):
The HRSD Model 144
Maintenance Management S ystem Procedures 144
Benefits Obtained from Utilizing MMS 144
MMS a nd T raining 145
MMS a nd T ypes of Maintenance Actions 145
MMS a nd I ts Major Component Systems 146
MMS R eport F orms 146
MMS and the Multiple-Hearth Furnace 149
The MMS S chedule f or t he Multiple
Hearth Furnace 149
Summary 151
