Improving Crop Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture

534 Pages·2012·4.91 MB·English

Editedby
NarendraTuteja,
SarvajeetSinghGill,
andRenuTuteja
ImprovingCropProductivity
inSustainableAgriculture
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Edited by Narendra Tuteja, Sarvajeet Singh Gill,
and Renu Tuteja
Improving Crop Productivity
in Sustainable Agriculture
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ProfessorG.S.Khush(August22,1935)
ProfessorG.S.KhushwasborninasmallvillageinPunjab,India,anddidB.Sc.in
1955fromGovernmentAgriculturalCollege(nowPunjabAgriculturalUniversity),
Ludhiana,andPh.D.in1960fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Afterservingas
an Assistant Geneticist at University of California, Davis, for 7 years, he joined
InternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI),LosBanos,Philippines(1967),asaPlant
Breeder.HewaspromotedasHeadofPlantBreedingDepartmentin1972andbecame
Principal Plant Breeder and Head of Division of Plant Breeding, Genetics and
Biochemistry (1986). ProfessorKhush isa world-renowned plantbreeder whohas
madeenormouscontributiontothedevelopmentofmorethan300high-yieldingrice
varieties that played significant role toward achieving “Green Revolution,” thereby
boostingriceproduction.ProfessorKhushprovidedexcellentleadershipfortheglobal
riceimprovementprogrambenefitingmillionsofresource-poorricegrowersinthe
world.Asemi-dwarfricevarietyIR36developedbyhimwasoneofthemostwidely
grownricevarietiesintheworldduring1980s.IR64developedduring1980sisthe
most widely planted rice variety in theworld.In India, Professor Khush has been
activelyinvolvedinthedevelopmentofPlantBreedingandAgricultureBiotechnology.
Hehasauthored3books,edited6books,40reviewarticles,45bookchapters,and
160researchpapers.Hisscientificworkfeaturedinthemostprestigiousinternational
journals.ProfessorKhushreceivedmanyawardsandhonorsfromvariousscientific
bodies,suchasBorlaugAward(1977),JapanPrize(1987),WorldFoodPrize(1996),
RankPrize(1998),WolfPrize(2000),andPadmaShrifromthePresidentofIndia.He
received D.Sc. (hc) degrees from 10 universities, including Punjab Agricultural
University, Jawahar Lal Nehru Agriculture University, De Montfort University,
CambridgeUniversity,andOhioStateUniversity.HeiselectedtotheFellowshipof
Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore; National Academy of Sciences (India),
Allahabad;NationalAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,NewDelhi;IndianNational
ScienceAcademy(INSA),NewDelhi;theAcademyofSciencesfortheDeveloping
World;ChineseAcademyofSciences;RussianAcademyofAgriculturalSciences;US
NationalAcademyofSciences;andTheRoyalSociety(London).Atpresent,Professor
KhushisservingasAdjunctProfessorinUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.
This book is dedicated to Prof. G.S. Khush, the undisputed Hero of Rice
Revolution.
j
VII
Contents
Foreword XIX
Preface XXI
ListofContributors XXV
PARTI ClimateChangeandAbioticStressFactors 1
1 ClimateChangeandFoodSecurity 3
R.B.Singh
1.1 BackgroundandIntroduction 3
1.2 StateofFoodSecurity 6
1.3 ClimateChangeImpactandVulnerability 9
1.4 NaturalResourcesManagement 13
1.5 AdaptationandMitigation 17
1.6 ClimateResilientAgriculture–TheWayForward 18
References 22
2 ImprovingCropProductivityunderChangingEnvironment 23
NavjotK.Dhillon,SatbirS.Gosal,andManjitS.Kang
2.1 Introduction 23
2.1.1 GlobalEnvironmentalChangeAltersCropTargets 28
2.1.2 CropProductivity 28
2.1.3 ClimaticFactorsAffectingCropProduction 29
2.1.3.1 Precipitation 29
2.1.3.2 Temperature 29
2.1.3.3 AtmosphericHumidity 30
2.1.3.4 SolarRadiation 30
2.1.3.5 WindVelocity 30
2.1.4 PlantGeneticEngineering 31
2.1.4.1 EngineeringforHerbicideResistance 32
2.1.4.2 EngineeringforInsectResistance 32
2.1.4.3 EngineeringforDiseaseResistance 33
j
VIII Contents
2.1.4.4 EngineeringforImprovingNutritionalQuality 36
2.1.4.5 EngineeringforMaleSterility 36
2.1.4.6 EngineeringforMolecularFarming/Pharming 37
2.1.4.7 EngineeringforImprovingPostharvestTraits 37
2.1.4.8 EngineeringforAbioticStressTolerance 38
2.1.5 MolecularBreeding 39
2.2 Conclusions 40
References 40
3 GeneticEngineeringforAcidSoilToleranceinPlants 49
SagarikaMishra,LingarajSahoo,andSanjibK.Panda
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 PhytotoxicEffectofAluminumonPlantSystem 50
3.2.1 Al-InducedMorphophysiologicalChangesinRoots 50
3.2.2 NegativeInfluenceofAlonCytoskeletalNetworkofPlantCells 51
3.2.3 InteractionofAl3þIonswithCellWallandPlasmaMembrane 52
3.2.4 OxidativeStressResponseuponAlStress 52
3.3 AluminumToleranceMechanismsinPlants 53
3.3.1 PreventingtheEntryofAlintoPlantCell 53
3.3.2 RoleofOrganicAcidsinExternalandInternalDetoxificationofAl 54
3.4 AluminumSignalTransductioninPlants 55
3.5 GeneticApproachforDevelopmentofAl-TolerantPlants 56
3.6 TranscriptomicsandProteomicsasToolsforUnravelingAlResponsive
Genes 59
3.7 FuturePerspectives 60
References 61
4 EvaluationofTroposphericO EffectsonGlobalAgriculture:
3
ANewInsight 69
RichaRai,AbhijitSarkar,S.B.Agrawal,andMadhoolikaAgrawal
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 TroposphericO FormationandItsRecentTrend 71
3
4.2.1 ProjectedTrendsofOzoneConcentrations 74
4.3 MechanismofO Uptake 75
3
4.3.1 ModeofAction 76
4.3.2 O SensingandSignalTransduction 76
3
4.3.3 ROSDetoxificationMechanisms:FromApoplasttoSymplast 77
4.3.4 PhysiologicalResponses 80
4.3.4.1 Photosynthesis 80
4.3.5 CultivarSensitivityinRelationtoGrowthandYield 84
4.4 LookingThroughthe“-Omics”atPost-GenomicsEra 87
4.4.1 EvolutionofMulti-Parallel“-Omics”ApproachesinModern
Biology 87
4.4.2 “-Omics”ResponseinOzone-AffectedCropPlants:AnInVivo
Assessment 87
j
Contents IX
4.4.2.1 CaseStudiesinMajorCropPlants 88
4.5 DifferentApproachestoAssessImpactsofOzoneonAgricultural
Crops 92
4.6 TroposphericO andItsInteractionwithOtherComponentsofGlobal
3
ClimateChangeandAbioticStresses 94
4.6.1 ElevatedCO andO Interaction 94
2 3
4.6.2 O andDroughtInteraction 95
3
4.6.3 O andUV-BInteraction 95
3
4.7 Conclusions 96
References 97
PARTII MethodstoImproveCropProductivity 107
5 Mitogen-ActivatedProteinKinasesinAbioticStressToleranceinCrop
Plants:“-Omics”Approaches 109
MonikaJaggi,MeetuGupta,NarendraTuteja,andAlokKrishnaSinha
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 MAPKPathwayandItsComponents 112
5.2.1 MAP3Ks 112
5.2.2 MAP2Ks 114
5.2.3 MAPKs 114
5.3 PlantMAPKSignalingCascadeinAbioticStress 115
5.3.1 MAPKCascadesunderSaltStress 117
5.3.2 DroughtStress-InducedMAPKs 117
5.3.3 TemperatureStressResponseandMAPKCascades 119
5.3.4 ActivationofMAPKsbyOxidativeStress 120
5.3.5 Ozone-InducedMAPKs 121
5.3.6 Wounding-InducedMAPKs 121
5.3.7 MAPKsinHeavyMetalSignaling 122
5.4 CrosstalkbetweenPlantMAPKinasesinAbioticStressSignaling 122
5.5 “-Omics”AnalysesofPlantsunderAbioticStress 123
5.6 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 127
Acknowledgments 128
References 128
6 PlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria-MediatedAmeliorationofAbiotic
andBioticStressesforIncreasingCropProductivity 133
VasviChaudhry,SuchiSrivastava,PuneetSinghChauhan,
PoonamC.Singh,AradhanaMishra,andChandraShekharNautiyal
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 FactorsAffectingPlantGrowth 134
6.2.1 BioticStress 135
6.2.2 AbioticStress 135
6.3 Plant-MediatedStrategiestoElicitStresses 136
j
X Contents
6.3.1 Osmoadaptation 137
6.3.2 AntioxidativeEnzymeProduction 137
6.3.3 EffectofStressonPlantNutrientUptake 137
6.4 PlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria-MediatedBeneficiaries
totheEnvironment 138
6.4.1 PGPRasAbioticStressAmelioratingAgent 138
6.4.2 PGPRActionagainstMultiplePathogens 139
6.4.3 DeterminantsofPGPRColonizationinStressedEnvironment 140
6.4.4 PGPR-MediatedInductionofDefenseMechanism 143
6.4.5 ModulationofPlantGenesthroughBacterialIntervention 144
6.5 PGPR-BasedPracticalApproachestoStressTolerance 145
6.5.1 DevelopmentandCommercializationofPGPRs:
ApproachesandLimitations 145
6.5.2 ImplicationsofBacterialGenesforTransgenicDevelopment 146
6.6 Conclusions 147
References 147
7 AreVirusesAlwaysVillains?TheRolesPlantVirusesMayPlay
inImprovingPlantResponsestoStress 155
StephenJ.WylieandMichaelG.K.Jones
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 VirusesAreAbundantandDiverse 156
7.3 WildVersusDomesticated 156
7.4 NewEncounters 157
7.5 RolesforVirusesinAdaptationandEvolution 158
7.6 Conclusions 160
References 160
8 RiskAssessmentofAbioticStressTolerantGMCrops 163
PaulHowlesandJoeSmith
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 AbioticStress 164
8.3 AbioticStressTraitsareMediatedbyMultipleGenes 165
8.4 PleiotropyandAbioticStressResponses 167
8.5 GeneralConceptsofRiskAnalysis 168
8.6 RiskAssessmentandAbioticStressTolerance 169
8.6.1 ChoiceofComparator 171
8.6.2 ProductionofanAllergenicorToxicSubstance 171
8.6.3 InvasivenessandWeediness 172
8.6.4 PleiotropicEffects 173
8.6.5 GeneTransfertoAnotherOrganism 175
8.7 AbioticStressToleranceEngineeredbyTraditionalBreeding
andMutagenesis 176
8.8 Conclusions 177
Acknowledgments 177
References 177
j
Contents XI
9 Biofertilizers:PotentialforCropImprovementunderStressed
Conditions 183
AlokAdholeyaandManabDas
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 WhatIsBiofertilizer? 184
9.3 HowItDiffersfromChemicalandOrganicFertilizers 184
9.4 TypeofBiofertilizers 184
9.5 DescriptionandFunctionofImportantMicroorganisms
UsedasBiofertilizers 187
9.5.1 Rhizobia 187
9.5.2 AzotobacterandAzospirillum 187
9.5.3 Blue-GreenAlgaeorCyanobacteria 188
9.6 PhosphateSolubilizingBacteria 189
9.7 PlantGrowthPromotingRhizobacteria 189
9.8 Mycorrhiza 189
9.9 InoculationofBiofertilizers 190
9.9.1 CarrierMaterialsforBiofertilizers 190
9.10 PotentialRoleofVariousBiofertilizersinCropProduction
andImprovement 192
9.10.1 BacterialBiofertilizers 192
9.10.2 FungalBiofertilizers 194
9.11 Conclusions 195
References 195
PARTIII Species-SpecificCaseStudies 201
SectionIIIA Graminoids 201
10 Rice:GeneticEngineeringApproachesforAbioticStressTolerance–
RetrospectsandProspects 203
SalvinderSingh,M.K.Modi,SarvajeetSinghGill,andNarendraTuteja
10.1 Introduction 204
10.2 SingleActionGenes 204
10.2.1 Osmoprotectants 204
10.2.2 LateEmbryogenesisAbundantProteins 207
10.2.3 DetoxifyingGenes 208
10.2.4 MultifunctionalGenesforLipidBiosynthesis 210
10.2.5 HeatShockProteinGenes 211
10.2.6 RegulatoryGenes 212
10.2.7 TranscriptionFactors 212
10.2.8 OtherTranscriptionFactors 215
10.2.9 SignalTransductionGenes 216
10.2.10 FunctionalProteins 217
10.2.11 ROSScavengingSystem 217
10.2.12 SodiumTransporters 218
10.3 ChoiceofPromoters 220