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Import Risk Analysis Report for Horses from Approved Countries Final Report March 2010 © Commonwealth of Australia 2010 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the General Manager, Animal Biosecurity, Biosecurity Australia, or e-mailed to [email protected]. Cite this report as: Biosecurity Australia (2010) Import risk analysis report for horses from approved countries: final report. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra. Animal Biosecurity Biosecurity Australia GPO Box 858 CANBERRA ACT 2601 AUSTRALIA Telephone: +61 2 6272 4465 Facsimile: +61 2 6272 3399 Email: [email protected] Internet: http://www.daff.gov.au/ba Disclaimer: The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication. ii Contents CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................................III LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................VII LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................................VII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................IX SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................XI 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................................1 1.2 IMPORT RISK ANALYSIS PROCESS.........................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Australia’s appropriate level of protection.....................................................................................3 1.3 EXPERT PANEL.....................................................................................................................................3 1.4 SCOPE..................................................................................................................................................4 1.4.1 Approved countries.........................................................................................................................4 2 THE HORSE INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA............................................................................7 2.1 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE.........................................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Economic Data...............................................................................................................................8 2.2 DOMESTIC TRADE IN HORSES..............................................................................................................12 2.3 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN HORSES....................................................................................................13 2.3.1 Economic value.............................................................................................................................13 2.3.2 Exports: numbers and breeds.......................................................................................................15 2.3.3 Imports: numbers and breeds.......................................................................................................17 2.4 HORSE HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA...........................................................................................................19 2.4.1 Equine diseases in Australia.........................................................................................................19 2.4.2 Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan........................................................................................20 2.4.3 Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement........................................................................22 3 METHOD FOR IMPORT RISK ANALYSIS........................................................................27 3.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION...................................................................................................................28 3.2 RISK ASSESSMENT..............................................................................................................................28 3.2.1 Evaluating and reporting likelihood.............................................................................................29 3.2.2 Risk assessment framework..........................................................................................................29 3.2.3 Release assessment.......................................................................................................................32 3.2.4 Exposure assessment....................................................................................................................33 3.2.5 Estimation of the likelihood of release and exposure...................................................................34 3.2.6 Consequence assessment..............................................................................................................35 3.2.7 Risk estimation..............................................................................................................................41 3.3 RISK MANAGEMENT...........................................................................................................................46 4 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION.................................................................................................47 5 RISK ASSESSMENTS..............................................................................................................61 5.1 AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS.................................................................................................................61 5.1.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................61 5.2 ANTHRAX...........................................................................................................................................64 5.2.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................64 iii 5.3 AUJESZKY’S DISEASE.........................................................................................................................67 5.3.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................67 5.4 BORNA DISEASE.................................................................................................................................69 5.4.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................69 5.4.2 Risk assessment.............................................................................................................................70 5.5 BRUCELLOSIS.....................................................................................................................................79 5.5.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................79 5.6 CONTAGIOUS EQUINE METRITIS..........................................................................................................83 5.6.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................83 5.7 DOURINE............................................................................................................................................91 5.7.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................91 5.8 ECHINOCOCCOSIS...............................................................................................................................94 5.8.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................94 5.9 EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS.................................................................................................................97 5.9.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................97 5.10 EQUID HERPESVIRUSES.......................................................................................................................99 5.10.1 Technical information...................................................................................................................99 5.11 EQUINE ENCEPHALOSIS....................................................................................................................103 5.11.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................103 5.12 EQUINE GRANULOCYTIC ANAPLASMOSIS..........................................................................................106 5.12.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................106 5.12.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................109 5.13 EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANAEMIA.........................................................................................................119 5.13.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................119 5.14 EQUINE INFLUENZA..........................................................................................................................122 5.14.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................122 5.14.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................127 5.15 EQUINE PARATYPHOID.....................................................................................................................140 5.15.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................140 5.15.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................141 5.16 EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS...................................................................................................................149 5.16.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................149 5.16.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................152 5.17 EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS......................................................................................163 5.17.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................163 5.18 EQUINE VIRAL ARTERITIS.................................................................................................................167 5.18.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................167 5.19 EQUINE VIRAL ENCEPHALITIDES.......................................................................................................177 5.19.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................177 5.20 FASCIOLIASIS...................................................................................................................................181 5.20.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................181 5.21 GLANDERS.......................................................................................................................................184 5.21.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................184 5.22 HORSE POX.......................................................................................................................................188 5.22.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................188 5.23 JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS..................................................................................................................190 5.23.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................190 5.24 LEPTOSPIROSIS.................................................................................................................................194 5.24.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................194 5.25 LOUPING ILL.....................................................................................................................................198 iv 5.25.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................198 5.26 LYME DISEASE.................................................................................................................................200 5.26.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................200 5.26.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................203 5.27 NIPAH VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS.............................................................................................................214 5.27.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................214 5.28 POTOMAC HORSE FEVER...................................................................................................................218 5.28.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................218 5.29 RABIES.............................................................................................................................................222 5.29.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................222 5.30 RIFT VALLEY FEVER........................................................................................................................224 5.30.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................224 5.31 SCHISTOSOMIASIS............................................................................................................................227 5.31.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................227 5.32 SCREW-WORM-FLY MYIASIS.............................................................................................................229 5.32.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................229 5.33 SURRA..............................................................................................................................................231 5.33.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................231 5.33.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................235 5.34 TAYLORELLA ASINIGENITALIS.........................................................................................................248 5.34.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................248 5.34.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................249 5.35 TRICHINELLOSIS...............................................................................................................................256 5.35.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................256 5.35.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................257 5.36 TUBERCULOSIS.................................................................................................................................262 5.36.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................262 5.37 VESICULAR STOMATITIS...................................................................................................................266 5.37.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................266 5.37.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................270 5.38 WEST NILE FEVER............................................................................................................................281 5.38.1 Technical information.................................................................................................................281 5.38.2 Risk assessment...........................................................................................................................283 6 RISK MANAGEMENT..........................................................................................................291 6.1 RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS...........................................................................................................292 6.1.1 Pre-entry measures.....................................................................................................................293 6.1.2 Post-arrival measures.................................................................................................................296 6.2 RISK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR SPECIFIC DISEASES......................................................................298 6.2.1 Equine influenza.........................................................................................................................298 6.2.2 Equine piroplasmosis..................................................................................................................315 6.2.3 Lyme disease...............................................................................................................................323 6.2.4 Surra...........................................................................................................................................329 6.2.5 Vesicular stomatitis....................................................................................................................339 7 TRANSPORT FROM APPROVED COUNTRIES..............................................................345 7.1 GENERAL PRE-EXPORT TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS........................................................................345 7.2 TRANSIT AND TRANSHIPMENT PROCEDURES....................................................................................347 7.3 PROCEDURES FOR DELAYED TAKEOFFS AND UNSCHEDULED LANDINGS...........................................348 7.4 PROCEDURES AFTER ARRIVAL IN AUSTRALIA..................................................................................348 v 8 QUARANTINE MEASURES FOR IMPORTATION OF HORSES.................................349 8.1 QUARANTINE MEASURES FOR THE PERMANENT IMPORTATION OF HORSES FROM APPROVED COUNTRIES.......................................................................................................................................350 8.1.1 Documentation............................................................................................................................350 8.1.2 Pre-export quarantine requirements..........................................................................................351 8.1.3 Certification before export.........................................................................................................353 8.1.4 Transport....................................................................................................................................365 8.1.5 Post-arrival quarantine requirements........................................................................................367 8.2 QUARANTINE MEASURES FOR THE TEMPORARY IMPORTATION OF HORSES FROM APPROVED COUNTRIES.......................................................................................................................................373 8.2.1 Documentation............................................................................................................................373 8.2.2 Pre-export quarantine requirements..........................................................................................374 8.2.3 Certification before export.........................................................................................................376 8.2.4 Quarantine measures for the temporary importation of horses that are serologically positive for equine piroplasmosis..................................................................................................................386 8.2.5 Transport....................................................................................................................................388 8.2.6 Post-arrival quarantine requirements........................................................................................390 8.3 QUARANTINE MEASURES FOR THE PERMANENT IMPORTATION OF HORSES FROM COUNTRY X.........396 8.3.1 Documentation............................................................................................................................396 8.3.2 Pre-export quarantine requirements..........................................................................................397 8.3.3 Certification before export.........................................................................................................399 8.3.4 Transport....................................................................................................................................404 8.3.5 Post-arrival quarantine requirements........................................................................................407 APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................411 BESNOITIOSIS.................................................................................................................................................411 EQUINE CORONAVIRUS...................................................................................................................................413 EQUINE PARAINFLUENZA................................................................................................................................415 EQUINE RHINITIS A VIRUS..............................................................................................................................416 EQUINE RHINITIS B VIRUS...............................................................................................................................418 EQUINE TOROVIRUS........................................................................................................................................420 GETAH VIRUS.................................................................................................................................................421 NAGANA.........................................................................................................................................................424 STOMACH FLUKE............................................................................................................................................426 WARBLE-FLY MYIASIS....................................................................................................................................427 vi List of Figures FIGURE 2.1 DENSITY OF DOMESTIC HORSES IN AUSTRALIA (AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS 2006)......10 FIGURE 2.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FERAL HORSES IN AUSTRALIA (ADAPTED FROM DOBBIE ET AL. 1993)........11 FIGURE 2.3 HORSE EXPORTS BY REGION IN THE 2008 SEASON.........................................................................16 FIGURE 2.4 THOROUGHBRED HORSE IMPORTS IN 2008 BY REGION (AUSTRALIAN JOCKEY CLUB LIMITED AND VICTORIA RACING CLUB LIMITED 2009).......................................................................................18 FIGURE 2.5 EXPORTED AND IMPORTED THOROUGHBRED BLOODSTOCK FROM 1996–97 TO 2007–08 (AUSTRALIAN JOCKEY CLUB LIMITED AND VICTORIA RACING CLUB LIMITED 2009)...................18 FIGURE 3.2 OVERALL CONSTRUCT OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT..........................................................................31 FIGURE 3.3 RELEASE PATHWAY.......................................................................................................................32 FIGURE 3.4 POTENTIAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS (SINGLE EXPOSURE GROUP).....................................................34 FIGURE 3.5 RULES USED FOR THE COMBINATION OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS.......................................40 FIGURE 3.6A SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR DISEASE A.................................................................43 FIGURE 3.6B SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR DISEASE B.................................................................45 FIGURE 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR BORNA DISEASE.........................................................76 FIGURE 5.3 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR EI............................................................................132 FIGURE 5.4 SUMMARY OF RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR EQUINE PARATYPHOID..............................................................146 FIGURE 5.5 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS...........................................157 FIGURE 5.7 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR SURRA......................................................................242 FIGURE 5.8 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR T. ASINIGENITALIS.....................................................253 FIGURE 5.9 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR TRICHINELLOSIS.......................................................259 FIGURE 5.10 SUMMARY OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR VS...........................................................................277 FIGURE 5.11 SUMMARY OF RISK ASSESSMENT PATHWAYS AND ASSIGNED LIKELIHOODS TO DERIVE AN ESTIMATE OF THE UNRESTRICTED RISK FOR WEST NILE FEVER....................................................................286 List of Tables TABLE 2.1 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GVP OF THE HORSE INDUSTRY BY SECTOR IN 2005–06 (CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS 2007)................................................................................................8 TABLE 2.2 ESTIMATED GDP OF THE AUSTRALIAN HARNESS RACING INDUSTRY..............................................9 TABLE 2.3 ESTIMATED VALUE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LIVE HORSES BY FINANCIAL YEAR (AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS 2009).......................................................................................................14 TABLE 2.4 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF LIVE HORSE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY FINANCIAL YEAR (AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS 2009).......................................................................................................15 TABLE 2.5 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF HORSES IMPORTED INTO AUSTRALIA, FROM 1996 TO OCTOBER 2007.....17 TABLE 3.1 NOMENCLATURE FOR QUALITATIVE LIKELIHOODS........................................................................29 TABLE 3.2 KEY STEPS IN ESTIMATION OF UNRESTRICTED RISK.......................................................................32 TABLE 3.3 MATRIX FOR COMBINING QUALITATIVE LIKELIHOODS...................................................................35 vii TABLE 3.4 ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT OR INDIRECT EFFECTS ON A NATIONAL SCALE.........................................39 TABLE 3.5 LIKELY CONSEQUENCES: A COMBINATION OF THE LIKELIHOOD AND OVERALL EFFECT OF ESTABLISHMENT AND/OR SPREAD..................................................................................................41 TABLE 3.6 RISK ESTIMATION MATRIX.............................................................................................................42 TABLE 3.7A WORKED EXAMPLE SHOWING COMBINED RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS, RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK..........................................................................................44 TABLE 3.7B WORKED EXAMPLE SHOWING COMBINED RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS, RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK..........................................................................................45 TABLE 4.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND REFINEMENT.................................................................................49 TABLE 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR BORNA DISEASE....................................................................77 TABLE 5.2 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR EGA....................................................................................115 TABLE 5.3 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR EI........................................................................................133 TABLE 5.4 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR EQUINE PARATYPHOID.........................................................147 TABLE 5.5 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS, RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS.......................................................158 TABLE 5.6 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR LYME DISEASE.....................................................................208 TABLE 5.7 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR SURRA.................................................................................243 TABLE 5.8 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR T. ASINIGENITALIS................................................................254 TABLE 5.9 COMBINED RELEASE, EXPOSURE, AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS, RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR TRICHINELLOSIS..................................................................260 TABLE 5.10 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR VS.......................................................................................277 TABLE 5.11 SUMMARY OF THE RELEASE, EXPOSURE AND CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENTS RESULTING IN AN UNRESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATE FOR WEST NILE FEVER...............................................................286 TABLE 6.1 DISEASES THAT DID NOT ACHIEVE AUSTRALIA’S ALOP AND REQUIRED RISK MANAGEMENT.....291 TABLE 6.2 SUMMARY OF UNRESTRICTED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATIONS WHEN RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR EI...............................................................311 TABLE 6.3 SUMMARY OF UNRESTRICTED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATIONS WHEN RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS..............................321 TABLE 6.4 SUMMARY OF UNRESTRICTED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATIONS WHEN RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR LYME DISEASE............................................327 TABLE 6.5 SUMMARY OF UNRESTRICTED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATIONS WHEN RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR SURRA.........................................................336 TABLE 6.6 SUMMARY OF UNRESTRICTED RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESTRICTED RISK ESTIMATIONS WHEN RISK MANAGEMENT MEASURES HAVE BEEN APPLIED FOR VS..............................................................343 viii Acronyms and abbreviations AGID agar gel immunodiffusion AHIC Australian Horse Industry Council AHS African horse sickness ALOP appropriate level of protection AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service ARB Australian Racing Board AUSVETPLAN Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan BDV Borna disease virus CEM contagious equine metritis CFT complement fixation test C-ELISA competitive ELISA Code OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2009 EADRA Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement EAV equine arteritis virus EEE Eastern equine encephalitis EEV equine encephalosis virus EHV equid herpesvirus EGA equine granulocytic anaplasmosis EI(V) equine influenza (virus) EIA equine infectious anaemia ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EPM equine protozoal myeloencephalitits EVA equine viral arteritis FEI Fédération Equestre Internationale (International Equestrian Federation) HI haemagglutination inhibition IFAT indirect fluorescent antibody test IgG immunoglobulin G IgM immunoglobulin M ix IRA import risk analysis JE Japanese encephalitis LP-ELISA liquid-phase blocking ELISA OIE World Organisation for Animal Health (formerly known as the Office International des Epizooties) OIE Manual OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2009 PAQ post-arrival quarantine PCR polymerase chain reaction PEQ pre-export quarantine RVF(V) Rift Valley fever (virus) RT-PCR reverse-transcriptase PCR SOPs Standard operating procedures SPS sanitary and phytosanitary SPS Agreement WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. SRH single radial haemolysis USDA United States Department of Agriculture VEE Venezuelan equine encephalitis VN virus neutralisation VS vesicular stomatitis WEE Western equine encephalitis WNV West Nile virus WTO World Trade Organization x

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the standard of reporting to the OIE of major contagious disease outbreaks. • effectiveness of veterinary laboratory services, including compliance with relevant international standards. • effectiveness of systems for control over certification/documentation of products intended for export to A
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the standard of reporting to the OIE of major contagious disease outbreaks. • effectiveness of veterinary laboratory services, including compliance with relevant international standards. • effectiveness of systems for control over certification/documentation of products intended for export to A

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