Immunocytochemistry. Practical Applications in Pathology and Biology

424 Pages·1983·30.42 MB·English

by  Julia M. Polak, Susan Van Noorden

Immunocytochemistry
Practical Applications in
Pathology and Biology
Edited by
Julia M. Polak and
Susan Van Noorden
with a Foreword by
A. G. E. Pearse
and an Introduction by
L. A. Sternberger
ERRATA
On page 34 9. line 4. (0Ό15-0-3 per cent... ) should read
(0015-003 per cent...)
Opposite page 207. Plates 29a and 29b are reversed.
The caption for Plate 29a is correct but
applies to the plate printed as 29b and
vice versa
On page 373. The additional firm given below should
be included in the acknowledgements:
RIA (UK),
7Whirworth Road,
Armstrong Estate,
Washington,
TyneandWeareNE37 1PP
WRIGHT PSG
Bristol London Boston
1983
Immunocytochemistry
Practical Applications in
Pathology and Biology
Edited by
Julia M. Polak and
Susan Van Noorden
with a Foreword by
A. G. E. Pearse
and an Introduction by
L. A. Sternberger
ERRATA
On page 34 9. line 4. (0Ό15-0-3 per cent... ) should read
(0015-003 per cent...)
Opposite page 207. Plates 29a and 29b are reversed.
The caption for Plate 29a is correct but
applies to the plate printed as 29b and
vice versa
On page 373. The additional firm given below should
be included in the acknowledgements:
RIA (UK),
7Whirworth Road,
Armstrong Estate,
Washington,
TyneandWeareNE37 1PP
WRIGHT PSG
Bristol London Boston
1983
© John Wright & Sons Ltd. 1983
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owner.
Published by:
John Wright & Sons Ltd, 823-825 Bath Road, Bristol
BS4 5NU, England.
John Wright PSG Inc., 545 Great Road, Littleton,
Massachusetts 01460, U.S.A.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Immunocytochemistry.
1. Immunocytochemistry 2. Cytochemistry
I. Polak, Julia M. II. Van Noorden, Susan
574.2'9 QR183.6
ISBN 0 7236 0669 2
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-50782
Typeset and printed in Great Britain by
John Wright & Sons (Printing) Ltd. at the Stonebridge
Press, Bristol BS4 5NU
Preface
1
In 1941 the genius of Albert H. Coons
(Fig. 1) planted the seed of a new way of localizing tissue constituents. His
revolutionary concept, known variously as 'immunohistochemistry' or 'immuno-
cytochemistry', took root so firmly that its offshoots now reach to the distant
corners of all the fields of biology and diagnostic pathology from cell membranes
to tumours.
The subject's literature has burgeoned likewise, and is scattered as widely as its
many applications. Thus scientists seeking the best method of solving a particular
problem and wondering whether immunocytochemistry might be the answer have
had a hard struggle to find reliable information on the latest methods, all
propounded eagerly by their inventors but not necessarily right for the job in hand.
It is therefore opportune to present a compact and comprehensive book giving
in one volume an account of how immunocytochemical methods may be applied to
many problems of pathology and biology, showing the variety of methods in use
today and providing enough practical detail to inspire the nervous or uninitiated
reader with confidence to try them.
We do not attempt to discuss the principles of antigen-antibody interactions as
2
applied to immunocytochemistry because this has recently been admirably done
by Ludwig Sternberger (Fig. 2), who has himself graciously agreed to write the
Introduction to this book. Following the introduction of enzymes as antibody
3
markers by Paul Nakane (Fig. 3), Sternberger created the unlabelled
4
antibody-enzyme bridge procedures and the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase complex
which enormously increased the sensitivity of the method. Under his influence,
immunocytochemistry has grown from an interesting but not always reliable
technique into an essential tool to help us not only in diagnosis but also in
understanding more about basic inter- and intracellular processes. In fact, the en-
tire discipline of histochemistry, which used to consist largely of the localization of
enzymes by their reactions in situ, has been altered by the expansion of immuno-
cytochemical methods, as a glance at the journals dealing with histochemistry will
show. Even enzymes are now localized as often as not by their immunocyto-
chemical reactivity, rather than by their biochemical actions.
Sternberger's own recent work on the relationship between the different cell
types of the nervous system uses the newest immunocytochemical techniques made
possible by Cesar Milstein's (Fig. 4) concept of monoclonal antibodies of abso-
lutely uniform specificity and is fully described in his introductory chapter.
ν
Vi PREFACE
Some pathologists argue that immuno-
cytochemistry, though of great value as a
research tool, currently has rather few day-
to-day practical applications in diagnosis,
and that retrospective confirmation by im-
munocytochemistry of a diagnosis made on
clinical, morphological and biochemical
evidence is not vital to the patient. This
viewpoint is put forward in Chapter 18,
together with the author's acknowledgement
of the very real use for immunocytochemical
Fig. 1. Albert H. Coons (1912-1978). techniques in diagnosis of renal disease, lym-
phomas, skin diseases and the identification
of organisms. Other chapters (11, 14, 15, 17,
19, 20) make abundantly clear the view that
immunocytochemistry has a wide application
in these and other branches of diagnostic
histopathology. Indeed, the advances in tech-
nique that have come about during the past
decade will surely soon be outdated by fur-
ther improvements in the sensitivity and spec-
ificity of methods of localizing substances in
tissues, defining diseases and contributing to
their cure.
The authors of this book have been chosen
Fig. 2. Ludwig A. Sternberger. particularly because they are all active expo-
nents of the technique. They daily use up-to-
date immunocytochemical methods in their
routine diagnostic and research laboratories;
they innovate, adapt and experiment with
modifications and have themselves made
large contributions to the available method-
ology and applications. A certain degree of
overlap between the chapters was inevitable
but we hope there is not too much. Each
chapter stands by itself but references to
Fig. 3. Paul K. Nakane.
other chapters are included. Some of the
chapters deal mainly with techniques, and
a technical appendix follows many of the
others. Although several authors may use the
same technique (e.g. the PAP method), there
are so many variations in practice that we
thought it useful for authors to describe their
preferred variants, partly to show that there
are more ways than one of going about this
very flexible method and partly to suggest the
sort of modification that might be tried. We
hope that people will read the whole book,
enjoy the reviews and get an idea of what is
Fig. 4. Cesar Milstein.
PREFACE VÜ
worth doing, how to do it and where to look for further information.
The whole point of immunocytochemistry lies in its visual impact and to this end
we have aimed at high quality photographic reproduction. We have been able to
produce colour prints as well, where they are essential for the appreciation of
results, for example in double staining methods. We are most grateful to the many
commercial firms whose generous financial help has made the colour reproduction
possible (see p. 372).
The idea for this book arose as a result of our annual practical course in
immunocytochemistry at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. The number of
applicants far exceeds the available places and it seemed to us that there was an
urgent demand for information on the usage of immunocytochemistry from
practitioners of every branch of biological science. Needless to say, the idea could
not have grown into the present reality without the dedicated cooperation of all
our authors, many of whom have also been kind enough to participate in the
courses. We have indeed been fortunate in their enthusiastic response to our
requests that they write chapters for this book. We owe them our heartfelt thanks
for their toleration of our exigent instructions that they keep to the deadline, and
above all for their hard work and splendid achievements.
Julia M. Polak
Susan Van Noorden
REFERENCES
1. Coons A. H., Creech H. J. and Jones R. N. Immunological properties of an antibody containing a
fluorescent group. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1941, 47, 200-202.
2. Sternberger L. A. Immunocytochemistry, 2nd ed. 1979. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Nakane P. K. and Pierce G. B. Jr. Enzyme-labelled antibodies: preparation and application for the
localization of antigen. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1966, 14, 929-931.
4. Sternberger L. Α., Hardy P. H. Jr, Cuculis J. J. and Meyer H. G. The unlabelled antibody-enzyme
method of immunohistochemistry. Preparation of soluble antigen-antibody complex (horse-
radish peroxidase-antihorseradish peroxidase) and its use in the identification of spirochetes.
J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1970, 18, 315-333.
List of Contributors
Z. Abdulaziz Department of Haematology, John Radcliffe
Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Chapter 7
B. Bhogal St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin,
5 Lisle Street, Leicester Square, London
WC2H7BJ, UK. Chapter 17
M. M. Black St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin,
5 Lisle Street, Leicester Square, London
WC2H7BJ, UK. Chapter 17
S. R. Bloom Department of Medicine, Royal Post-
graduate Medical School, Hammersmith
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W120HS, UK. Chapter 11
G. F. Bottazzo Department of Immunology, The Middlesex
Hospital Medical School, London
W1P9PG, UK. Chapter 19
M. Chilosi Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica,
Université di Padova, Verona, Italy.
Chapter 13
A. C. Chu Department of Dermatology, Hammersmith
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W120HS, UK. Chapter 17
Β. M. Dean Department of Immunology, The Middlesex
Hospital Medical School, London
W1P9PG, UK. Chapter 19
D. J. Evans Department of Histopathology, Royal Post-
graduate Medical School, Hammersmith
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W120HS, UK. Chapters 16 and 18
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS
Β. Falini Department of Haematology, John Radcliffe
Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Chapter 7
Μ. Goldstein Department of Psychiatry, New York
University Medical Center, New York, NY
10016, USA. Chapter 9
P. U. Heitz Department of Pathology, University of
Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, CH-4003 Basel,
Switzerland. Chapter 20
Ε. Heyderman Department of Histopathology,
St Thomas's Hospital Medical School,
London SEI 7EH, UK. Chapter 15
S. Hobbs Department of Immunology, Royal Free
Hospital School of Medicine,
Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
Chapter 13
P. Isaacson Department of Pathology, University
College Hospital, Gower Street, London
WC1E6AU, UK. Chapter 14
G. Janossy Department of Immunology, Royal Free
Hospital School of Medicine,
Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
Chapter 13
K. R. Jessen Department of Zoology, University
College, London University, Gower Street,
London WC1E6BT, UK. Chapter 10
H. W. J. Joosten Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500
HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Chapter 9
D. Y. Mason Department of Haematology, John Radcliffe
Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Chapter 7
J. De Mey Laboratory of Oncology, Janssen
Pharmaceutica Research Laboratories,
B-2340 Beerse, Belgium. Chapters 3 and 6
R. Mirakian Department of Immunology, The Middlesex
Hospital Medical School, London
W1P9PG, UK. Chapter 19
CONTRIBUTORS XI
P. Ordronneau Department of Anatomy, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27514, USA. Chapter 12
B. Penke Department of Medical Chemistry,
University of Szeged, Dom Ter 8, 6720
Szeged, Hungary. Chapter 9
P. Petrusz Department of Anatomy, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina 27514, USA. Chapter 12
J. M. Polak Department of Histochemistry, Royal Post-
graduate Medical School, Hammersmith
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W120HS, UK. Editor, Chapters 2 and 11
B. A. J. Ponder Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Cancer
Hospital, The Haddow Laboratories,
Clifton Avenue, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PX,
UK. Chapter 8
L. W. Poulter Department of Immunology, Royal Free
Hospital School of Medicine, Pond Street,
London NW3 2QG, UK. Chapter 13
R. Pujol-Borrell Department of Immunology, The Middlesex
Hospital Medical School, London
W1P9PG, UK. Chapter 19
R. C. Richards Department of Histology and Cell Biology
(Medical), University of Liverpool, PO Box
147, Liverpool L69 38X, UK. Chapter 5
W. A. Scherbaum Department of Immunology, The Middlesex
Hospital Medical School, London
W1P9PG, UK. Chapter 19
G. J. Seymour Department of Immunology, Royal Free
Hospital School of Medicine, Pond Street,
London NW3 2QG, UK. Chapter 13
H. Stein Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel,
Kiel, GFR. Chapter 7
H. W. M. Steinbusch Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500
HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Chapter 9
XÜ CONTRIBUTORS
L. A. Sternberger Center for Brain Research, University of
Rochester School of Medicine,
601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester,
New York 14642, USA. Chapter 1
M. Szelke Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal
Postgraduate Medical School,
Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road,
London W120HS, UK. Chapter 4
S. Van Noorden Department of Histopathology, Royal Post-
graduate Medical School, Hammersmith
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W120HS, UK. Editor, Chapter 2
J. Varga Department of Medical Chemistry,
University of Szeged, Dom Ter 8, 6720
Szeged, Hungary. Chapter 9
A. A. J. Verhofstad Department of Anatomy and Embryology,
University of Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500
HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Chapter 9
D. H. Wright Department of Pathology, Southampton
General Hospital, Tremona Road,
Southampton S094XY. Chapter 14