Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins

498 Pages·1986·32.75 MB·English

by  Andor Szentivanyi, Herman Friedman (auth.), Andor Szentivanyi, Herman Friedman, Alois Nowotny (eds.)

Immunobiology and
Immunopharmacology
of Bacterial Endotoxins
University of South Florida International Biomedical Symposia Series
IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Edited by Andor Szentivanyi, Herman Friedman, and Alois Nowotny
VIRUSES, IMMUNITY, AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY
Edited by Andor Szentivanyi and Herman Friedman
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each
new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For funher
information please contact the publisher.
Immunobiologyand
Immunopharmacology
of Bacterial Endotoxins
Edited by
Andor Szentivanyi
and
Herman Friedman
University of South Florida CoUege of Medicine
Tampa, Florida
and
Alois Nowotny
University ofP ennsylvania
Phi/adelphia, Pennsylvania
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
University of South Florida International Symposium in the Biomedical Sciences on
Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins: Basic and
Oinical Aspects (1985: Tampa, Fla.)
Immunobiology and immunopharmacology of bacterial endotoxins.
(University of South Florida international biomedical symposia series)
"Proceedings of the University of South Florida International Symposium in the
Biomedical Sciences on Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial En
dotoxins: Basic and Clinical Aspects, held January 14-16, 1985, in Tampa, Florida"
- T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographies.
1. Endotoxins-Physiological effect-Congresses. 2. Immune response-Regula
tion-Congresses. 3. Immunopharmacology-Congresses. I. Szentivanyi, Andor. II.
Friedman, Herman, 1931- . III. Nowotny, A. (Alois), 1922- . IV. Title. V.
Series. [DNLM: 1. Bacteria-immunology-congresses. 2. Endotoxins-immunol
ogy-congresses. 3. Endotoxins-pharmacodynamics-congresses. QW 630 U58i
1985)
QP632.E4U55 1985 616'.014 86-25372
ISBN -13:978-1-4612-9319-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2253-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2253-5
Proceedings of the University of South Florida International
Symposium in the Biomedical Sciences on Immunobiologyand
Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins: Basic and Clinical
Aspects, held January 14-16, 1985, in Tampa, Florida
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcoverlst edition 1986
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Endotoxins are constituents of all gram negative bacteria, as well as
many other microorganisms. Since their original discovery and study at the
beginning and middle parts of this century, many investigations have been
performed concerning their immunochemistry and physicochemistry, as well as
their pharmacologic activities and physiologic effects on the host. It
became widely recognized during the beginning of this century that the
pyrogenicity of many microbial infections may be associated with endotoxins.
Furthermore, some 80 years ago, attempts were begun to "treat" a variety of
illnesses including neoplasia, with such "pyrogens", Le., bacterial endo
toxins. Inconclusive results were observed including some detrimental ones
as well as, in some cases, beneficial ones. It became widely accepted that
during infections with many gram negative organisms the fever occurring in
patients, as well as many of the untoward pathophysiological effects of the
infections, seemed to be due to the endotoxin the bacteria contained or
released. In this regard, septic shock has been studied in detail by many
clinicians, physiologists and pharmacologists and attempts have been made to
relate the devastating effects of infection on metabolic and physiologic
alterations caused by endotoxins. Recently, however, many beneficial
effects of endotoxin have also been studied. It is now widely recognized
that most, if not all mediators of immune responses, including interferon
induction as well as interleukins, colony stimulating factor, tumor necrosis
factor, and other soluble mediators of immunity, may have beneficial effects
on a wide variety of immunologic and physiologic events, including resistance
to neoplastic conditions. Thus, it seemed of value to the organizers of the
International Symposia Series at the University of South Florida College of
Medicine to bring together experts on the subject of bacterial endotoxin to
focus attention on these important components.
This volume is based on the proceedings of the International Symposium
on the Immunobiology and Immunopharmacology of Bacterial Endotoxins, Basic
and Clinical Aspects. The speakers and participants provided newer informa
tion concerning fundamental and clinical aspects of endotoxin research
conducted over the last half decade or so. Advances have been made in
understanding the structure and nature of the endotoxin molecules(s) and
their effects on a wide variety of cellular and subcellular parameters of
immunity, metabolism and physiology, both in vivo and in vitro. This
publication provides a permanent collection of up-to-date research and
review articles concerning endotoxin biology and chemistry presented by
outstanding chemists, microbiologists, immunologists, pharmacologists and
physiologists in this important and ever-expanding area of biology. In
addition, the editors of this volume believe that the subject of the immuno
biology and immunopharmacology of endotoxins provides an important focal
point for continued investigation on the dynamics of the host/parasite
relationship. It is anticipated that publication of this volume will
provide a stimulus for further increased study concerning both detrimental
and beneficial effects of endotoxins on the host and the interested reader
with new perspectives in this rapidly evolving field.
v
We take this opportunity to express our most profound gratitude to
Mrs. Christine Abarca for her outstanding editorial assistance in the
preparation of this book.
Andor Szentivanyi
Dean of the College of Medicine
Deputy Vice President for
Medical Affairs
Professor of Pharmacology and
Internal Medicine
Chairman of the Department of
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
University of South Florida
Tampa, Florida
Herman Friedman
Professor and Chairman
Department of Medical Microbiology
and Immunology
University of South Florida
College of Medicine
Tampa, Florida
vi
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY SECTION
The Biology and Physiopharmacology of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide
Endotoxins and Their Role in Immunoregulation -
An Introductory Preview • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3
Andor Szentivanyi and Herman Friedman
Retrospective and Prospective View of Endotoxin Research 13
L. Joe Berry
I. CHEMICAL AND HOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDOTOXINS
Beneficially Active Structural Entities in Endotoxin Preparations 37
Aloi.s Nowotny
The Antigenic Structure of the Lipooligosaccharides of
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae •• • • • • • • • • • • • 57
Hichael A. Apicella
Lipid A: Relationships of Chemical Structure and
Biological Activity • • • • 65
Otto Lcideritz, Chris Galanos, Ernst Th. Rietschel,
and Otto Westphal
Production of Human Honoclonal Antibodies Recognizing
Cross-Reactive Determinants on Lipopolysaccharides 75
James W. Larrick, Mark Jahnsen, George Senyk, Stefan Weiss,
and Karen Watson
Physical Properties of Short-Chain and Long-Chain Fractions
of Lipopolysaccharide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 83
Arnold A. Peterson and Estelle J. McGroarty
Analysis and Characterization of Bacterial Endotoxins
(Lipopolysaccharides) by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Followed by Silver Stain • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 89
Chao-Ming Tsai and Carl E. Frasch
II. PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS
Metabolic Effects of Endotoxin • • • • • • • • • • • 99
John J. Spitzer, Gregory J. Bagby, and Charles H. Lang
vii
Glucose Dyshomeostasis in Endotoxicosis: Direct Versus
Monokine-Mediated Mechanisms of Endotoxin Action • 111
Michael R. Yelich, Linda Witek-Janusek, and James P. Filkins
In Vivo Effects on Cellular Metabolism and Calcium Dynamics
by Continuous Infusion ,')f Endotoxin • • • • • • • • • 133
Judy A. Spitzer
Endotoxin (LPS) Toxicity to Hepatocytes (H) in Vitro -
Modulation by Macrophages (M) • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 151
Patricia S. Latham and Susan B. Sepelak
Effects of Endotoxin on Mixed Function Oxidase Activity 159
Joseph F. Williams and Andor Szentivanyi
Myocardial Performance and Adrenergic Modulation of Cyclic AMP
Following Endotoxin Administration. • • • • • • • • • • • 171
Raymond E. Shepherd, Charles H. Lang, Brent A. Brumfield,
Norman W. Robie, Karen R. DuSapin, and Kathleen H. McDonough
Cyclic Nucleotides in the Immunopharmacology of
Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins •••• • • • • • • 187
John W. Hadden, Ann Galy, Elba M. Hadden, J. L. Touraine,
and Ronald G. Coffey
III. IMMUNOGENICITY AND NON-SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXIN
Nonspecific Effects of LPS on Bacterial Infections 201
L. Chedid, M. Parant, F. Parant, and G. Riveau
Bacteroides Species Increases Lipopolysaccharide Susceptibility
of Experimental Animals •••••• • • • • • • • • 215
A. C. Rodloff, P. Gadke, F. Lux, and H. Hahn
The Role of Post-Endotoxin Serum Components from BeG Infected Mice
in the Protection of Compromised Hosts • • • • • • • • • • 221
Renate Urbaschek, Daniela N. Mannel, Stephan E. Mergenhagen,
and Bernhard Urbaschek
Protection Against Lethal Haemophilus Pleuropneumoniae Infection in
Swine by Antibodies to LPS Core Antigens • • • • • • • 233
B. W. Fenwick, J. S. Cullor, and H. J. Olander
Salmonella Antigens as Protective Immunogens in
Salmonella Infection • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 239
Toby K. Eisenstein, Loran M. Killar, Barnet M. Sultzer,
and Marshall Phillips
Protective Function of Neutrophils During Experimental
Endotoxic Shock • • • • • • • • • • • 257
B. W. Fenwick, J. S. Cullor, and A. Kelly
Active Immunization with E. coli J5 and its Protective Effects
from Endotoxic Shock in Calves • • • • • • • • • • • • • 265
J. S. Cullor, B. Fenwick, B. P. Smith, K. Pelzer, A. Kelly,
and B. I. Osburn
Clinical Recognition and Treatment of Endotoxinemia 269
Joseph G. Sinkovics
viii
Transient Suppression of Yeast Phagocytosis Induced by Legionella
Pneumophila in Cultures of Murine Resident
Peritoneal Macrophages •••••••••••••••••• 281
Jeanne Becker, Robert J. Grasso, and Herman Friedman
The Effect of Endotoxin on Migration Inhibitory Factor
and Interferon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Samuel B. Salvin and Pamela B. RendA
IV. EFFECTS OF ENDOTOXINS ON CELLS OF THE IMM[fflE SYSTEM
Regulation of the Cell Cycle of Murine B Lymphocytes
by Lipopolysaccharides • • • • • • • • • • • • 301
Fritz Melchers
Synergistic Effect of Endotoxin with Concanavalin A on DNA Synthesis
in Lymphocytes and the Role of Interleukins 1 and 2 ••••• 305
Masayasu Nakano and Toshimasa Nitta
Biochemical, Immunological and Functional Analysis of Lymphocytes
from the LPS Non-Responder C3H/HeJ Mouse • • • • • • • • • • 315
D. C. Morrison, H-W. Wollenweber, S. W. Vukajlovich,
and S. A. Goodman
Effects of Endogenous Gut LPS on Cells of the Secretory
Immune, System • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . 329
Suzanne M. Michalek, Jerry R. McGhee, Dawn E. Colwell,
Shane I. Williamson, Thomas A. Brown, David M. Spalding,
William J. Koopman, and Jiri Mestecky
Molecular Mechanisms in Lymphokine-Induced Macrophage Activation -
Enhanced Production of Oxygen Radicals • • . • • • • • • • 339
Edgar Pick
Induction of Gamma Interferon by Endotoxin in "Aged" Murine
Splenocyte Cultures • • • • • . • • • • • • • • 353
D. K. Blanchard, T. W. Klein, H. Friedman, and W. E. Stewart II
Characterization and Localization of Lipopolysaccharides Following
the Ingestion of E. coli by Murine Macrophages In Vitro 359
Robert L. Duncan, Jr~, Vernon Tesh, and David C. Morrison
The Release of Immunopotentiating Mediators from Macrophages
Activated by Endotoxins ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 369
R. Christopher Butler, Jeri M. Frier, Mrunal S. Chapekar,
Herman Friedman, and Alois Nowotny
Changes in l1acrophage Progenitor Cell Composit:i.on in the Bone Marrow
of "Early Phase" Endotoxin-Toler:l.zed Mice • • • • •• 381
Stefanie N. Vogel and Gary S. Madonna
Production of Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF) by Bone Marrow Cells
Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Phorbol Esters 391
Dov H. Pluznik and Stephan E. Mergenhagen
ix
V. MODULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE BY ENDOTOXINS
Modulation of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses by a
Structurally Established Nontoxic Lipid A • • . . • 401
Edgar Ribi, John L. Cantrell, Kuni Takayama, Hans O. Ribi,
Kent R. Myers, and Nilofer Qureshi
Endotoxin Membrane Protein Complexes as Immunomodulators 421
Kathryn Nixdorff and Sigrid Schell
Endotoxin Associated Proteins and Their Polyclonal and
Adjuvant Activities ••••• • • • • 435
Barnet M. Sultzer, John P. Craig, and Raymond Castagna
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Recurrence of Arthritis Initiated
by Peptidoglycan-Polysaccharide • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 449
Stephen A. Stimpson, Ronald E. Esser, William J. Cromartie,
and John H. Schwab
Antibiotics, Immunity, and Immunoenhancement •••••••• 455
G. Pulverer, W. Roszkowski, H. L. Ko, K. Roszkowski, and
J. Jeljaszewicz
The Effect of Selected Antibiotics on the Endogenous Intestinal
Microflora and its Consequences for Experimental Tumor
Growth in BALBI c Mice • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 459
K. Roszkowski, H. L. Ko, D. van der Waaij, W. Roszkowski,
J. Jeljaszewicz, and G. Pulverer
Restoration of Antibody Responsiven.ess by Endotoxin in Retrovirus-
Immunodepressed Uice: Role of Macrophages • • • • • • • • • 465
Mauro Bendinelli, Donatella Matteucci, Anna Maria Giangregorio,
and Pier Giulio Conaldi
Endotoxin and Polysaccharide Derivative Induced Enhanced Antibody
Formation in Leukemia Virus Infected Mice • • • • • . • . • 479
Herman Friedman and Andor Szentivanyi
Clinical Relevance of Endotoxemia 491
James P. Nolan
Contributors 503
Index 511
x