Table Of ContentSpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
Thermal Engineering and Applied Science
SeriesEditor
FrancisA.Kulacki,UniversityofMinnesota,USA
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10305
Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi
Krishnamurthy Muralidhar
Imaging Heat and Mass
Transfer Processes
Visualization and Analysis
123
PradiptaKumarPanigrahi KrishnamurthyMuralidhar
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India Kanpur,UttarPradesh,India
ISSN2191-530X ISSN2191-5318(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4614-4790-0 ISBN978-1-4614-4791-7(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-4791-7
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012945979
©PradiptaKumarPanigrahiandKrishnamurthyMuralidhar2013
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Preface
Refractive index-based optical methods are nonintrusive and inertia-free and can
image cross sections of the flow field in an experimental apparatus. With the
experimentsuitablycarriedout,three-dimensionalphysicaldomainswithunsteady
processes can be accommodated. An introduction to the subject can be seen in
companionvolumeentitledSchlierenandShadowgraphMethodsinHeatandMass
Transfer.
Inthismonograph,schlierenandshadowgraphimagingoftransportphenomena
incertainengineeringapplicationsisdescribed.Examplesrelatetoflowoverheated
bodies,convectioninsuperposedfluidlayers,convectionaroundacrystalgrowing
fromits supersaturatedsolution,andjet flow patterns.In each experiment,optical
imaging is shown to reveal the scalar field—temperature or concentration as a
function of time. In addition, optical images reveal key transition sequences that
wouldotherwisebehardtodetectfromconventionalmeasurements.Someexamples
aresuppressionofvortexsheddingfromasquarecylinder,stratificationofthesalt-
saturated solution in crystal growth, thermal coupling between immiscible fluid
layers,andoscillationsinanegativelybuoyantjet.
Opticalmeasurementtechniques,thus,emergeasatoolforwhole-fieldimaging
of complex fluid–thermal and solutal processes. They generate a vast amount of
data in space and time. The data can be analyzed to retrieve relevant quantities
of interest. In addition, they serve an important purpose of detecting important
transportmechanismswithinthedomainofinterest.
IITKanpur,India PradiptaK.Panigrahi
KrishnamurthyMuralidhar
v
Acknowledgments
We are thankfulto several doctoraland master’s students who worked with us on
laser imaging of fluid and thermal systems. We would like to acknowledge the
contributionsofthefollowingdoctoralstudents:
1. SunilPunjabi
2. AtulSrivastava
3. SunilVerma
4. SurendraK.Singh
5. AnamikaS.Gupta
Wehavedrawncontentfromtheirdoctoraldissertations.Wehavealsousedmaterial
fromthemaster’sthesesofAtanuPhukan,SrikrishnaSahu,A.A.Kakade,Kaladhar
Semwal,RakeshRanjan,andVikasKumar.
AlokPrasad,YogendraRathi,B.R.Vinoth,andAbhinavParasharhelpeduswith
figures,andwethankthemfortheirtime.
Financial support from funding agencies allowed us to make the apparatus
and configure the measurement systems reported in this book. We gratefully
acknowledgethesupportreceivedfromtheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology,
New Delhi, Board of Research in NuclearSciences, Mumbai,andthe Ministryof
HumanResourceDevelopment,NewDelhi.
We thank Professor Frank Kulacki, series editor of, SpringerBriefs in Thermal
EngineeringandAppliedScience,forprovidingusthisopportunityandcontinuous
encouragement.
We are grateful to our institute for the excellent ambience it provides and our
familiesforcontinuedsupport.
PradiptaK.Panigrahi
KrishnamurthyMuralidhar
vii
Contents
1 RefractiveIndexMethods................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction............................................................ 1
1.2 OpticalArrangement.................................................. 1
1.3 ImageProcessing...................................................... 3
1.4 DataReduction ........................................................ 4
References..................................................................... 6
2 FlowPastHeatedBluffBodies ............................................. 7
2.1 Introduction............................................................ 7
2.2 PhysicalMechanisms.................................................. 7
2.3 ExperimentalSetup.................................................... 8
2.3.1 OpticalImagingofConvectionPatterns.................... 11
2.4 InfluenceofBuoyancy................................................. 13
2.4.1 InstantaneousSchlierenImages............................. 14
2.4.2 StrouhalNumber:EffectofHeating ........................ 19
2.4.3 Critical Richardson Number: Effect
ofReynoldsNumber......................................... 19
2.4.4 VortexFormationLength.................................... 21
2.4.5 DistributionofLight-IntensityFluctuations................ 23
2.5 EffectofCylinderOrientation ........................................ 26
2.5.1 SuppressionofVortexShedding ............................ 26
2.5.2 CriticalRichardsonNumber................................. 28
2.5.3 InstantaneousSchlierenImages............................. 29
2.6 InfluenceofCylinderOscillations.................................... 31
2.6.1 InlineOscillations............................................ 35
2.6.2 TimeTracesandPowerSpectra............................. 38
2.7 Summary............................................................... 42
References..................................................................... 42
3 ConvectioninSuperposedFluidLayers................................... 45
3.1 Introduction............................................................ 45
3.1.1 Single-LayerConvection .................................... 45
ix
x Contents
3.1.2 Two-LayerConvection....................................... 46
3.1.3 Applications.................................................. 47
3.2 ApparatusandInstrumentation ....................................... 48
3.3 UnsteadyTwo-LayerConvection..................................... 50
3.3.1 Three-DimensionalReconstructionofNusseltNumber ... 56
3.4 Summary............................................................... 58
References..................................................................... 58
4 TransportPhenomenainCrystalGrowth................................. 59
4.1 Introduction............................................................ 59
4.2 WhyStudyCrystalGrowth?.......................................... 59
4.3 CrystalGrowthfromSolution ........................................ 60
4.3.1 PhenomenologyofCrystalGrowthfromSolution......... 61
4.4 CrystalGrowthApparatus............................................. 64
4.5 ExperimentalProcedure............................................... 65
4.6 ShadowgraphImagingofCrystalGrowthinFreeConvection...... 66
4.6.1 GrowthofaCrystalHeldonTopofaGlassRod .......... 66
4.6.2 VisualizationofBuoyancy-DrivenConvection............. 67
4.6.3 GrowthofaCrystalPlacedonaPlatform.................. 70
4.7 ShadowgraphImagingofCrystalGrowthinForcedConvection ... 75
4.7.1 ForcedConvectionbyUniformRotation................... 75
4.8 CrystalGrowthChamberforSchlierenImaging..................... 79
4.8.1 SchlierenandShadowgraph................................. 81
4.9 ControlofConvectioninaCrystalGrowthProcess ................. 85
◦
4.9.1 RampRateof0.05 C/h ..................................... 86
4.10 GrowthofProteinCrystals............................................ 93
4.10.1 ProteinCrystallizationChamber............................ 95
4.10.2 ColorSchlieren............................................... 96
4.11 Summary............................................................... 99
References..................................................................... 99
5 ImagingJetFlowPatterns.................................................. 101
5.1 Introduction............................................................ 101
5.2 BuoyantJets............................................................ 101
5.2.1 ExperimentalApparatus..................................... 103
5.2.2 FlowVisualization........................................... 104
5.2.3 PenetrationDistance......................................... 114
5.2.4 PowerSpectra................................................ 115
5.2.5 StrouhalNumber............................................. 118
5.3 MultipleJets ........................................................... 121
5.4 JetImpingement....................................................... 123
5.4.1 ExperimentalApparatus..................................... 124
5.4.2 FlowDistributionandLightIntensitySpectra.............. 125
5.5 Summary............................................................... 128
References..................................................................... 128
