Image Processing Technologies: Algorithms, Sensors, and Applications (Signal Processing and Communications)

295 Pages·2004·14.02 MB·English

by  Kiyoharu Aizawa

Image Processing
Technologies
Algorithms, Sensors, and Applications
EDITED BY
KlYOHARU AlZAWA
University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
KATSUHIKO SAKAUE
Intelligent Systems Institute
Tsukuba, Japan
YASUHITO SUENAGA
Nagoya University
Nagoya, Japan
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL
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Signal Processing and Communications
Editorial Board
Maurice G. Bellanger, Conservatoire National
des Arts et Metiers (CNAM), Paris
Ezio Biglieri, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Sadaoki Furui, Tokyo Institute of Technology
Yih-Fang Huang, University of Notre Dame
Nikhil Jayant, Georgia Tech University
Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Northwestern University
Mos Kaveh, University of Minnesota
P. K. Raja Rajasekaran, Texas Instruments
John Aasted Sorenson, IT University of Copenhagen
Hong-Jiang Zhang, Microsoft Research, China
1. Digital Signal Processing for Multimedia Systems, edited by Keshab
K. Parhi and Takao Nishitani
2. Multimedia Systems, Standards, and Networks, edited by Atul Puri
and Tsuhan Chen
3. Embedded Multiprocessors: Scheduling and Synchronization, Sun-
dararajan Sriram and Shuvra S. Bhattacharyya
4. Signal Processing for Intelligent Sensor Systems, David C. Swanson
5. Compressed Video over Networks, edited by Ming-Ting Sun and Amy
R. Reibman
6. Modulated Coding for Intersymbol Interference Channels, Xiang-Gen
Xia
7. Digital Speech Processing, Synthesis, and Recognition: Second Edi-
tion, Revised and Expanded, Sadaoki Furui
8. Modern Digital Halftoning, Daniel L. Lau and Gonzalo R. Arce
9. Blind Equalization and Identification, Zhi Ding and Ye (Geoffrey) Li
10. Video Coding for Wireless Communication Systems, King N. Ngan,
Chi W. Yap, andKeng T. Tan
11. Adaptive Digital Filters: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
Maurice G. Bellanger
12. Design of Digital Video Coding Systems, Jie Chen, Ut-Va Koc, and
K. J.Ray Liu
13. Programmable Digital Signal Processors: Architecture, Program-
ming, and Applications, edited by Yu Hen Hu
14. Pattern Recognition and Image Preprocessing: Second Edition, Re-
vised and Expanded, Sing-Tze Bow
15. Signal Processing for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectros-
copy, edited by Hong Yan
16. Satellite Communication Engineering, Michael O. Kolawole
17. Speech Processing: A Dynamic and Optimization-Oriented Ap-
proach, Li Deng and Douglas O'Shaughnessy
18. Multidimensional Discrete Unitary Transforms: Representation, Par-
titioning, and Algorithms, Artyom M. Grigoryan and Sos A. Agaian
19. High-Resolution and Robust Signal Processing, Yingbo Hua, Alex B.
Gershman, and Qi Cheng
20. Domain-Specific Embedded Multiprocessors: Systems, Architec-
tures, Modeling, and Simulation, Shuvra Bhattacharyya, Ed De-
prettere, andJurgen Teich
21. Watermarking Systems Engineering: Enabling Digital Assets Secu-
rity and Other Applications, Mauro Barni and Franco Bartolini
22. Biosignal and Biomedical Image Processing: MATLAB-Based Ap-
plications, John L. Semmlow
23. Image Processing Technologies: Algorithms, Sensors, and Applica-
tions, Kiyoharu Aizawa, Katsuhiko Sakaue, and Yasuhito Suenaga
Additional Volumes in Preparation
Series Introduction
Over the past 50 years, digital signal processing has evolved as a major
engineering discipline. The fields of signal processing have grown from the
origin of fast Fourier transform and digital filter design to statistical spectral
analysis and array processing, image, audio, and multimedia processing, and
shaped developments in high-performance VLSI signal processor design.
Indeed, there are few fields that enjoy so many applications—signal processing
is everywhere in our lives.
When one uses a cellular phone, the voice is compressed, coded, and
modulated using signal processing techniques. As a cruise missile winds along
hillsides searching for the target, the signal processor is busy processing the
images taken along the way. When we are watching a movie in HDTV, millions
of audio and video data are being sent to our homes and received with
unbelievable fidelity. When scientists compare DNA samples, fast pattern
recognition techniques are being used. On and on, one can see the impact of
signal processing in almost every engineering and scientific discipline.
Because of the immense importance of signal processing and the fast-
growing demands of business and industry, this series on signal processing
serves to report up-to-date developments and advances in the field. The topics of
interest include but are not limited to the following:
• Signal theory and analysis
• Statistical signal processing
• Speech and audio processing
• Image and video processing
• Multimedia signal processing and technology
• Signal processing for communications
• Signal processing architectures and VLSI design
Ml
iv Series Introduction
We hope this series will provide the interested audience with high-quality,
state-of-the-art signal processing literature through research monographs, edited
books, and rigorously written textbooks by experts in their fields.
Preface
Research and development of image processing technologies has advanced very
rapidly in the past decade. Thanks to recent progress in VLSI technologies,
low-cost computers, huge storage, and broadband and wireless technologies,
handling image and video became very familiar to us. Digital still cameras,
digital video camcorders and internet video are already around us in daily life.
These technologies enable us to easily manipulate image and video on desktop
PCs. Research and development of applications of image processing have been
also accelerated and widened by the rapid growth of hardware development. A
number of image processing and computer vision techniques in current use, that
used to be in a topic of academic discussion, have now become reality as
working real-time systems.
In this book we describe the state of the art of image processing
technologies from various points of view. We focus on sensing, algorithms and
applications of the growing image processing fields. In order to provide accurate
coverage, we invited world renowned scholars and experts from both
universities and companies to contribute to this book.
All 10 chapters were originally published in 1999 as a special issue of
survey papers on image processing in the IEICE Transactions on Information
and Systems. It was a unique special issue because it covered a wide spectrum of
image processing from sensing to applications and it presented the state of the
art of the fields in detail. The issue was well-received, which encouraged us to
publish the articles as a book by updating the contents.
Chapter 1 to 4 describe image processing methodologies mainly related to
three-dimensional imaging. Chapter 1 is on depth computation from images.
Chapter 2 describes optimization techniques that are related not only to
three-dimensional recovery but also to segmentation, edge detection, etc.
Chapter 3 focuses on reconstruction of motion and structure from multiple
Preface vi
images. Chapter 4 covers the emerging research field of three-dimensional
image communication from the point of view of representation and
compression.
Chapter 5 and 6 examine sensors for advanced image processing systems.
Chapter 5 describes various omnidirectional sensors and their applications.
Chapter 6 is on computational sensors, in other words, smart sensors that
integrate image acquisition and processing on a single VLSI.
Chapter 7 to 10 describe four different application fields of image
processing. Chapter 7 covers a wide spectrum of facial image processing, which
includes detection, recognition, practical recognition systems, synthesis of facial
images and useful databases. Various application systems for human-machine
interaction, agents, robots, and facial image cartoons are described. Chapter 8
discusses image processing techniques used in document analysis and
recognition. Chapter 9, on medical image processing, focuses on computer-aided
diagnosis (CAD) and computer-aided surgery (CAS). CAD and CAS are in the
application areas of pattern recognition and visualization, respectively. Chapter
10 covers Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Image processing for controlling
vehicular traffic is described.
We thank all the contributors, as without them this book could not exist.
Indeed, it is their efforts that make this text valuable. Image processing is
continuously expanding in many different directions. In this single book, we
could not travel everywhere, but hope that the reader will use the book as a
roadmap for future exploration. Finally, we acknowledge the patience and
guidance of Mr. B. Black, Mr. B. J. Clark, and others at Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
who helped us to produce this book.
Kiyoharu Aizawa
Katsuhiko Sakaue
Yasuhito Suenaga
Contents
Series Introduction Hi
Preface v
1. Passive Range Sensing Techniques: Depth from Images 1
Naokazu Yokoya, Takeshi Shakunaga, and Masayuki Kanbara
2. Optimization Approaches in Computer Vision and 27
Image Processing
Katsuhiko Sakaue, Akira Amano, and Naokazu Yokoya
3. Motion and Shape from Sequences of Images Under 55
Feature Correspondences
JunFujiki
4. Compression and Representation of 3-D Images 90
Takeshi Naemura, Masahide Kaneko, and Hiroshi Harashima
5. Omnidirectional Sensing and Its Applications 116
Yasushi Yagi
6. Computational Sensors: Vision VLSI 142
Kiyoharu Aizawa
vii