ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ Identification of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated From Vagina of Cross-Bred Dairy

118 Pages·2011·1.83 MB·English

ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﲪﺮﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻢﺴﺑ
Identification of Aerobic Bacteria Isolated From
Vagina of Cross-Bred Dairy Cows during
Early Postpartum In University Farm, Khartoum North, Sudan

M.Sc. Microbiology by Research

By
Nahid Bashir Mohmoud Sadig
B .V.Sc, University of Khartoum (1998)

Supervisor
Dr. Suliman Mohamed Elhassan

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Master
degree in veterinary Medicine

Department of Microbiology
Faculty of veterinary Medicine
University of Khartoum

2010
ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟا ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟا ﷲا ﻢﺴﺑ

Dedication

To my dear Mother
To my dear Father
To my Brothers and Sisters
To my family, Husband , Sons and Daughter
To my Colleagues and Friends

With love
Nahid

  i
Acknowledgements

First of all my thanks and praise is due to almighty Allah, the Merciful, for
giving me health and strength to accomplish this work.
Then I am most grateful for superb assistance, continuous guidance,
encouragement, and meticulous attention, patience offered by my supervisor Dr.
Suliman Mohamed El Hassan.
My deep appreciation and thanks are extending to my father, brothers and
sisters for their unlimited moral support and encouragement during the period of
this study.
My very best thanks are expressed to my husband Hassan Hussein for his
moral support and efforts exerted by him.
My thanks are also extended to my friend Dr. Faisal Alzubair department of
obstetrics and gynecology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ,University of
Khartoum. and technicians and assistants in the Department of Microbiology
mainly Fawzia, Mona and A/Azeem.

  ii
Abstract
A study was carried out to identify the bacteria which are found in the
reproductive tract of dairy cows during parturient and to find the appropriate
treatment. The area of study was Khartoum University Farm at Shambat, Khartoum
North, Khartoum State. The cows examined were 4 – 8 years old cross-bred dairy
cows (Friesian × Kenana). A total of 80 vaginal swabs were collected from 55
postparturient cows. These swabs were collected within 3 days after delivery.
Thirty vaginal swabs were collected 1 – 3 days after parturition. Twenty – five
vaginal swabs were collected from cows 1-3 days after parturition before treatment
with antiseptic 1% Lugol's iodine and then vaginal swabs were collected from the
same twenty – five cows 24 hours after treatment with the antiseptic 1% Lugol's
iodine. The vagina of postparturient cow was sampled by sterile cotton wool. The
collected swabs were inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey's agar. The isolated
bacteria were identified by their cellular morphology, arrangement, staining
reaction and biochemical properties. The antibacterial sensitivity of the isolated
bacteria was examined to Ampicillin, Gentamysin, Chloramphincol, Cloxacillin,
Erythromycin, Pencillin, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Naladixic acid, Nitrofurantol,
Cloistin and Cotrimoxazole and 1% Lugol's iodine. The indentified bacteria were
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Corynobacterium, Bacillus, Escherichia,
Kelbsielle, Aerococcus, Micrococcus and Proteus. The Gram positive bacteria
isolated from 30 postpartum vaginal swabs within 1-3 days after parturition were
Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp, Aerococcus
spp, Lactobacillus spp and Corynobacterium
spp. The Gram- positive bacteria isolated from 25 postpartum vaginal swabs before
treatment with 1% Lugol’s Iodine were Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp,
Bacillus spp, Micrococcus spp and Corynobacterium spp. The Gram-positive
bacteria isolated from 25 postpartum vaginal swabs after 1-3 days after treatment
with 1% Lugol’s Iodine were Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Bacillus spp,
and Corynobacterium spp. The Gram- negative bacteria isolated from 30
postpartum vaginal swabs within 1 – 3 days after parturition were E. coli,
Klebsiella spp, Protues spp, Enterobacter spp. The Gram- negative bacteria
isolated from 25 postpartum vaginal swabs before treatment with 1% Lugol’s
Iodine were E.coli, Klebsiella spp and Protues spp. The Gram- negative bacteria
  iii
isolated from 25 postpartum vaginal swabs after treatment with 1% Lugol’s Iodine
were E.coli, Klebsiella spp and Protues spp. The sensitivity of the isolates to
antibacterial agents was variable. They were less sensitive to the commonly used
drugs like Tetracycline and Cloxacillin. This may be due to misuse of these drugs,
while they were highly sensitive to others like Gentamysin and Ampicillin which
are less commonly used. The sensitivity of the isolates to 1% Lugol's iodine was
variable. Some isolates were resistant and a few were sensitive.
  iv
ﺹﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ

ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺏﻴﻠﺤﻟﺍﺭﺎﻘﺒﺃ لﺒﻬﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ
،ﻱﺭﺤﺒ ﻡﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺒﻤﺸﺒ ﻡﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻋﺭﺯﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺝﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﻹﻭ ﺱﺎﻔﻨﻟﺍ
8 4
ﻥﺎﻴﺯﻴﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺠﻫ ﺔﻟﻼﺴ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻫﺭﻤﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺭﺎﻘﺒﺃ ﺕﺼﺤﻓ.ﻡﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ
55 80
ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ لﻼﺨ ،ﺱﺎﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻘﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻬﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ .ﺔﻨﺎﻨﻜﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ
25 30
ﺭﺎﻘﺒﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻟﺍﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ .ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ
1
ﺕﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﺜ لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ % ﺭﻬﻁﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﺒﻗﻭ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺇ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﻭﻴﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ
1 24
.لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ % ﺭﻬﻁﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﺱﻤﺨﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻋ
ﻁﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻋﺭﺯ .ﺔﻤﻘﻌﻤ ﻥﻁﻗ ﺔﺤﺴﻤﻤ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﺒﻬﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺫﺨﺃ

ﺎﻬﺘﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﻟﺍ لﻜﺸ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﻟﻭﺯﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻓﺭﻋ .ﻲﻜﻨﻭﻜﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﺃ
:ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺒﺘﺨﺍ.ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻭﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺯﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻔﺼﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻐﺒﺼﻟﺍ
،ﻥﻴﻠﻜﻴﺎﺴﺍﺭﺘﺘ ،ﻥﻴﻠﺴﻨﺒ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺎﻤﻭﺭﺜﻴﺭﺇ ،ﻥﻴﻠﻴﺴﺎﺴﻜﻭﻠﻜ ،لﻭﻜﻴﻨﻴﻔﻤﺃﺭﻭﻠﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺎﻤﺎﺘﻨﺠ ،ﻥﻴﻠﺴﺒﻤﺃ
1
ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ% ﺎﹰﻀﻴﺍﻭ لﻭﺴﻜﻴﻤﻴﺭﺘﻭﻜ ،ﻥﻴﺘﺴﻴﻟﻭﻜ ،لﻭﺘﻴﻨﻴﻓﻭﺭﺘﻴﻨ ،ﺩﻴﺴﺃ ﻙﻴﺴﻜﻴﺩﻴﻟﺎﻨ ،ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺎﻤﻭﺘﺒﺭﺘﺴﺇ
ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﺸﺇ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺼﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻘﻨﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻰﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .لﺎﻗﻭﻟ
ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ .ﺔﺒﻠﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻐﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺱﻜﻭﻜﻭﺭﻴﻹﺍ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺴﺒﻠﻜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻟﻭﻗ
3 1 30
ﺕﻨﺎﻜﻓ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ – لﻼﺨ ﺭﺎﻘﺒﻷﺍ لﺒﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ
ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺓﺭﻐﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺼﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻘﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ
ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .ﺔﻴﺩﺘﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺼﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺱﻜﻭﻜﻭﺭﻴﻹﺍ
1 25
،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻘﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ :ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ % ـﺒ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻬﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ
ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺠﻭﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .ﺓﺭﻐﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺼﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ
1 25
:ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ % ﺏ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻬﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ
ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻜﻤ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺩﺘﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻭﺼﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻭﻘﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒ
3 1 30
ﻡﺎﻴﺃ – لﻼﺨ ﺭﺎﻘﺒﻷﺍ لﺒﻬﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺴ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .ﺓﺭﻐﺼﻤﻟﺍ
ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺴ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .ﺔﻴﺩﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﻠﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺴﺒﻠﻜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻟﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﺸﻹﺍ :ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ
1 25
لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ% ـﺒ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻬﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ
ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻟﺎﺴ ﺎﻴﺭﻴﺘﻜﺎﺒﻟﺍ .ﺔﺒﻠﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺴﺒﻠﻜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻟﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﺸﻹﺍ :ﺕﻨﺎﻜ
1 25
ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﺸﻹﺍ :ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺍ % ـﺒ ﺔﺠﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺓﺩﻻﻭﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﻬﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻥﻤ
ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ .ﺔﺒﻠﻘﺘﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻴﺴﺒﻠﻜﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻟﻭﻘﻟﺍ
  v
ﺽﻌﺒﻟ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻟﺯﻋ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ
ﺀﻭﺴﻟ ﺎﻤﺒﺭ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻴﺴﺎﺴﻜﻭﻠﻜﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻠﻜﻴﺎﺴﺍﺭﺘﺘﻟﺍ لﺜﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﺌﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻟﺍ
ﺎﻤﻠﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﺴﺒﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺎﻤﺎﺘﻨﻴﺠﻟﺎﻜ ﻱﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻀﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ،لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻹﺍ
1
ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﺎﻗﻭﻟ ﻥﻴﺩﻭﻴﺃ% ﺭﻬﻁﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻟﻭﺯﻌﻤﻟ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ .ﺓﹰﺩﺎﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﺴﺘ
.ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ
  vi
Table of Contents

Dedication ………………………………………………………………… i
Acknowledgment....................................................................................... ii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………… iii
Arabic abstract …………………………………………………………… v
Table of contents......................................................................................... vii
List of tables............................................................................................... xii
List of figures.............................................................................................. xiii
List Of abbrevitioin.............................................................................................. xiv
introdution.............................................................................................. xv

CHAPTER ONE: Literature Review 1

1. 1 Postpartum period (postpartum) in dairy cows 1
1. 1. 1 Definition 1
1.1.2 Endocrinology of the postpartum period 2
1.1. 2.1 Luteinising hormone 2
1.1. 2. 2 Oestradiol 2
1.1. 2. 3 Progesterone 2
1.1. 2. 4 FSH 3
1.1. 2. 5 Oestrogens 3
1.1. 2. 6 Oxytocin 3
1.1. 2. 7 Prostaglandin 3
1.1. 2. 8 Prolactin 4
1.1. 2. 9 Insulin 4
1.1. 3 Iodine 4
1.1. 4 Suckling 4
1.1. 5 Milk yield 5
1.1. 6 Mastitis 5
1.1. 7 Season 5
1.1. 8 Nutrition 5
1.1. 9 Body condition score (BCS) 6
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1.1. 10 Parity 6
1.1. 11 Age 6
1.1. 12 Management 6
1.1. 13 Heat stress 7
1.1. 14 Uterine infection 7
1.2. Infertility in cows 9
1. 2. 1. Bacterial and protozoan infections 9
1. 2. 1. 1. Brucellosis 9
1. 2. 1. 2 Mycoplasmas 11
1. 2. 1. 3 Campylobacteriosis 12
1. 2. 1. 4 Leptospirosis 13
1. 2. 1. 5 Salmonellosis 14
1. 2. 1. 6 Mycobacteria 14
1.2.1.7 Non-specific bacterial infections 15
1. 2. 2 Viral infections 16
1. 2. 2. 1 Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis 16
1. 2. 2. 2 Bovine virus diarrhea 16
1. 2. 2. 3 Infectious bovine epididymitis and vaginitis complex 17
1.2.3 Parasitic infection 17
1. 2.3.1 Trichomoniasis 17
1.2.3.2 Neospora protozoa 18
1.2.3.3 Sarcocystis cruzi 18
1.2.3.4 Helminth parasitic infections 18
1.2.4 Mycotic infections 19
1. 3 Endometritis, metritis and pyometra, and the use of 19
prostaglandins in postpartum uterine pathology
1. 3. 1 Puerperal metritis 21
1. 3. 1. 1 Clinical pathology of puerperal metritis 21
1. 3. 1. 1.1 Clinical signs: diagnosis 23
1. 3. 2 Clinical endometritis and pyometra 23
1. 3. 2. 1 Signs and diagnosis of clinical endometritis and pyometra 25
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1. 3. 2. 2 Subclinical endometritis 25

CHAPTER TWO: Materials and Methods
2. 1 Study area 27
2. 2 Early postpartum uterine swabs collection and bacteriology 27
2. 3 Sterilization 27
2. 3. 1 Flaming 27
2.3. 2 Red heat 27
2. 3. 3 Sterilization of equipments (hot air oven). 27
2.3.4 Irradiation 28
2. 3.5 Sterilization of culture media and solutions 28
2. 4 Reagents and indicators 28
2. 4. 1 Reagents 28
2. 4. 1. 1 Tetramethyl-piphenylene diamine dihydrochloride 28
2. 4. 1. 2 Hydrogen peroxide 28
2. 4. 1. 3 Methyl red 28
2. 4. 1. 4 Alpha-naphthol solution 28
2. 4. 1. 5 Potassium hydroxide 28
2. 4. 1. 6 Nitrate reagent 28
2. 4. 1. 7 Kovac´s reagent 29
2.4.1.8 Lead acetate 29
2.4.1.9 Gram stain regents 29
2.4.1.9.1 Crysal violet 29
2.4.1.9.2 Lugols iodine 29
2.4.1.9.3 Decolorize ( acetone – alcohol) 30
2.4.1.9.4 Strong carbol fuchsin 30
2. 4. 2 Indicators 30
2. 4. 2. 1 Andrade´s indicators 30
2. 4. 2. 2 Bromothymol blue 30
2. 4. 2. 3 Phenol red 30
2. 5 Collection of blood for enriched media 31
2. 6 Preparation of media 31
2. 6. 1 Nutrient broth 31
2. 6. 2 Peptone water 31
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