Table Of ContentCOOKBOOK
by WALTER G. JUNG
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1C OP-AMP
COOKBOOK
by
Walter G. Jung
Q I HOWARD W. SAMS & CD., INC.
I THE BDBBS-MERRILL CD., INC.
INDIANAPOLIS • KANSAS CITY • NEW YORK
FIRST EDITION
SECOND PRINTING-1975
Copyright © 1974 by Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., Indianapo¬
lis, Indiana 46268. Printed in the United States of America.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or use, without express permis¬
sion, of editorial or pictorial content, in any manner, is prohib¬
ited. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the
information contained herein. While every precaution has been
taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no
responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability as¬
sumed for damages resulting from the use of the information
contained herein.
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-20969-1
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 73-90289
Preface
At the time this book was conceived, several texts and handbooks
concerning operational amplifiers had already been published. In¬
deed, many of them are well accepted, and the reader will find them
referenced at appropriate points within this one. No attempt is made
to detract from these previous efforts; however, it can be said that
none addresses itself specifically and wholly to the IC op amp, with
an in-depth discussion of applications for specific standard devices.
Therein lies the philosophy behind this book and why it is intended
to be an appropriate complement to the already existing literature.
Depending on one’s particular background, working environment,
etc., we each tend to take a slightly different approach to a design
problem. There are, however, certain ground rules that the greatest
percentage of people will follow in arriving at solutions to these
problems. In the ure of operational amplifiers, the trend has been
toward the IC op amp, and among the numerous types available,
there are definite standards that fulfill the greatest percentage of
needs. Recognizing the inherent economy and widespread appeal of
the IC op amp, this book attempts to address the considerations in
applying it with maximum effectiveness in a wide variety of circuits.
The name chosen, 7C Op-Amp Cookbook, is intended to convey this
concept. But, as will be seen, the book is more than just a “cook¬
book”; it involves general applications considerations as well as a
substantia] amount of theory to support the applications illustrated.
Some insight into the rationale behind the format of tire book is
helpful in assessing its value to the individual reader. If one is to
undertake the task of discussing the uses of IC op amps, there are
certain general requirements that must be met. Two of the biggest
considerations are style and content—decide what to say and how
best to say it. Before getting into the actual contents, a word about
the style chosen is appropriate. “Style,” as referred to here, is not
style in a grammatical sense but is the level on which the book is
written. The author firmly believes that practical writing is more
useful than pure theory to greater numbers of people. Thus, while
there is theory in this book, the main emphasis is on what the theory
means in practical applications. The real world of the IC op amp is
much more concerned with the details of making a device work as
intended rather than making equations balance. So the format chosen
is one of “down-to-earth” discussions as viewed from the user’s
standpoint. This is intended to appeal to users on various levels,
from student to technician to design engineer, and hopefully to sat¬
isfy the needs of all. While a universally appealing book is perhaps
somewhat unrealistic, the broadness of applicability can certainly be
optimized by keeping everything as clear and understandable as
possible while discussing problems meaningful to all users.
The “content” of this book also takes on the prerequisite of broad
appeal. Thus, obvious inclusions are such op-amp standards as the
709,101, and 741. But the scope of the book is not limited to general-
purpose devices; it also encompasses other, more-specialized devices
—those that are optimized for certain specific performance parame¬
ters. The specialized types chosen here are also standard type num¬
bers, as evidenced by broad industry acceptance.
With the complement of devices chosen, a wade range of applica¬
tions is thus possible, with optimized performance available in terms
of virtually any specific criterion. This factor should be of interest
to the designer seeking high performance by using op amps.
Throughout the book, the discussions are directed to indicate the
optimum device for a specific use, and considerations for its applica¬
tion, such as speed, accuracy, dc stability, power consumption, and
other performance parameters, are covered.
Given this general format, there is one additional consideration
that is generally applicable to circuitry discussions. An applications
book may be used in various degrees by different owners. A person
new to a particular technique may want to study circuits and theory
in some detail. For this type of use, the supportive theoretical back¬
ground is intended, and appropriate references are listed for further
reading in most instances. Others may desire a circuit to fulfill a cer¬
tain function, and will make minimal use of the text. For this type
of use, well-annotated schematics are provided, replete with values
and suggestions for modifications if desired. Wherever possible, the
pertinent design equations, which summarize the function of the
circuit, are also provided.
Walter G. Jung
Acknowledgments
No undertaking of this nature can be successful without aid from
various sources. The author was most fortunate during the writing of
this book to have the benefit of critical review from industry experts.
In many cases, these individuals are the designers of the devices
discussed.
For an exceptionally thorough critique and innumerable helpful
suggestions, special thanks go to Bob Dobkin of National Semicon¬
ductor Corporation. Thanks also go to Carl Nelson and Tom Fred¬
riksen of National, to Bob Ricks of Fairchild Semiconductor, to Don
Kesner and Don Aldridge of Motorola Semiconductor, to Don Jones
of Harris Semiconductor, to Hal Wittlinger of RCA, to Werner Hoeft
of Signetics, and to Bob Jones of AAI Corporation.
The author was also fortunate to obtain permission to use portions
of manufacturers’ technical literature. In this, the aid of the follow¬
ing companies is gratefully acknowledged:
Fairchild Semiconductor
Harris Semiconductor
Motorola Semiconductor Products
National Semiconductor Corp.
RCA Corp.
Signetics Corp.
Finally, and most certainly not least, my sincere thanks to an over¬
worked wife, Anne, for enduring the punishment of literally thou¬
sands of pages of “hieroglyphics” and for transforming them into a
manuscript. Thanks also go to research assistants Jeannie and Mark.
W. G. J.
To Anne, with my love and appreciation.
Contents
Introduction and Historical Background.9
Part I—Introducing the 1C Op Amp
CHAPTER 1
Op-Amp Basics.13
1.1 The Ideal Op Amp . 13
1.2 The Nonideal Op Amp . 25
1.3 IC Op-Amp Specifications . 59
CHAPTER 2
IC Op Amps: The Evolution of
General-Purpose and Specialized Types.73
2.1 History and Development of General-Purpose Op Amps 73
2.2 Specialized Groups of IC Op Amps and Their
Characteristics . 98
CHAPTER 3
General Operating Procedures and
Precautions in Using IC Op Amps.Ill
3.1 Methods of Offset Adjustment, Standard Compensation
and Pinouts . HI
3.2 Protection Against Abuse and Failure Modes . 124
3.3 Optimum Stability Ground Rules . 132
Part II—Op-Amp Applications
CHAPTER 4
Voltage and Current Regulator Circuits.139
4.1 Voltage Regulators . 139
4.2 Current Regulators . 171
CHAPTER 5
Sicnal-Processing Circuits.185
5.1 The Precision Diode. 185
5.2 Precision Clippers . 187
5.3 DC Restorer . 190
5.4 Half-Wave Rectifier . 190
5.5 Full-Wave Precision Rectifier . 192
5.6 Peak Detectors . 195
5.7 Sample-and-Hold Circuits . 197
5.8 Feedback Limiters . 200
5.9 Diode Bridge Circuits . 205
5.10 Voltage Follower With Variable Offset. 207
5.11 Sign Changer . 208
5.12 Logarithmic Converters ... .•. 209
5.13 Comparator Circuits . 218
5.14 Instrumentation Amplifiers . 235
5.15 Analog Multipliers . 245
CHAPTER 6
Audio Circuits.267
6.1 IC Op-Amp Parameters Important in Audio Applications 267
6.2 The Basic Op-Amp Configurations Translated to Audio
Applications . 287
6.3 Practical Audio Circuits Using IC Op Amps. 296
CHAPTER 7
Signal-Generation Circuits. 357
7.1 The Integrator and the Differentiator. 357
7.2 Sinusoidal Oscillators. 337
7.3 Multivibrators . 373
7.4 Function Generators . 378
7.5 Sawtooth Generators . 388
7.6 Voltage-Controlled Signal Generation and Modulation .. 395
CHAPTER 8
Unique Op-Amp Devices.403
8.1 Programmable Op Amps . 404
8.2 Applications of Types 4250 and 776 Programmable
Amplifiers . 412
8.3 Switched-Mode Circuits . 417
8.4 Four-Channel Programmable Amplifier:
The HA-2400/2404/2405 . 423
8.5 HA-2400 Applications . 425
8.6 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers. 440
8.7 OTA Applications . 451
8.8 Current-Differencing Amplifiers . 474
8.9 CDA Applications . 489
Part III—Appendixes
APPENDIX A
Manufacturers’ Data Sheets for General-Purpose Op Amps 519
APPENDIX B
Linear IC Cross-Reference Guide.555
Index . 581
