iaf-96-c. 1.05 managing the natural disasters from space technology inputs

35 Pages·2003·2.33 MB·English

arcA acituanortsA .loV 40, .oN 2-8, .pp 291-325, 1997
01997 lanoitanretnI lacituanortsA .noitaredeF dehsilbuP yb reiveslE Science dtL
detnirP ni taerG niatirB
0094-5765197 $17.00 + 0.00
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IAF-96-C. 1.05
MANAGING THE NATURAL DISASTERS FROM
SPACE TECHNOLOGY INPUTS
V Jayaraman, M G rahkesardnahC & U R Rao
naidnI Space hcraeseR noitasinagrO
hskiratnA ,navahB weN B.E.L.Road
erolagnaB - 560 094, aidnI
Na&ural disasters, whether of meteorological origin such as Cyclones, Floods, Tornadoes and
Droughts or of having geological nature such as earthquakes and volcanoes, are well known for their
devastating impacts on human life, economy and environment. With tropical climate and unsdable
land forms, coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of infrashuature
development, developing countries are more vulnerable to suffer from the damagtng potential of such
disasters. Though it is almost impossible to completely neutraiise the damage due to these disasters,
it is, however possible to (i) minimise the potential risks by developing disaster early warning
strategies (ii) prepare developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters, (iii) mobilize
resources including communication and telemedacinal services and (iv) to help in rehabilitation and
post-disaster reconstruction.
Space borne p&forms have demonstrated their capability in efficient disaster management, While
communication satellites help in disaster warning, relief mobilisation and telemedicinal support,
Earth observations atellitesp rovide the basic support in pre-disaster preparedness programmes, in-
disaster response and moniroring activities, and post-disaster reconstruction. The paper examines
the information requirements for disaster risk management, assess developing country capabilitieq for
building the necessary decision support systems, and evaluate the role of satellite remote sensing. It
describes several examples of initiatives from developing countries in their attempt to evolve a suitable
strategy for disaster preparedness and operational framework for the disaster management using
remote sensing data in conjunction with other collateral informahon. It concludes with sugges$ions
and recommendations to establish a worldwide network of necessary space and ground segments
towards strengthening the technological capabilities for disaster management and mitigation.
0 1997 lanoitanretnI lacituanortsA .noitaredeF dehsilbuP yb reweslE Science Ltd.
1 O. INTRODUCTION jkiends tattles, but abo destroy our hopes
the
and dreams of future. Is there any event
“The greatest exploiter for all of us are event comparable to these which causes so
jloods today, droughts tomorrow, earthquake much human sufferings and injustice?“.
some times and all of these multiply our
sihT si eht yrc ni ssenredliweb fo a nommoc
trauma of deprivation, pains of poverty and
remraf fo ihsoK reviR ,nisab rahiB )aidnI( ni
hunger. These disasters take away not only
eht tsdim fo tnerrucer sdoolf dna .sthguord
our crops, shelters, lives of our families,
-------------_______--_____---______________ ehT ynoga fo siht nommoc nam stcelfer eht
etir-wypoC )c( 1996 yb eht lanoitanretnI ycnegru htiw hcihw eht eussi fo retsasid
IacituanoWk .noitaredeF llA sthgir tnemeganam sdeen ot eb .desserdda
resewed.
291
292 47th IAF Congress
tI si a das ynomitset fo eht erutan taht eht retsasid .tnemeganam ecapS ygolonhcet
lacigoloeg dna citamilc semertxe gnisuac sreffo suodnemert laitnetop ot hsilpmocca
sretsasid evah eht tsetaerg tcapmi no eht eseht sksat yllabolg dna .yllanoitan elihW
tseroop elpoep fo eht gnipoleved .seirtnuoc noitacinummoc setilletas dluoc sserdda eht
htiW hgih noitalupop ,ytisned roop seussi detaler ot ssam ,ssenerawa ,gninraw
erutcurtsarfni ,tnempoleved ytrevop dna noitacude dna ,gniniart etomer gnisnes dna
,ycaretilli eht gnipoleved seirtnuoc are erom lacigoloroetem setilletas pleh ni gnitalumrof
elbarenluv dna ssel deppiuqe ot dnatshtiw eht eht noitagitim serusaem yb citponys rehtaew
gnigamad stceffe fo eht .sdrazah esehT dna niarret tnemssessa dna ,gnirotinom
sretsasid are osla elbadimrof lacisyhp ytilibarenluv sisylana dna rof gnidnatsrednu
stniartsnoc ni ruo llarevo stroffe ot poleved eht yrev cifitneics basis fo eht sessecorp
dna esilitu eht larutan secruoser no a gnidael ot eht ecnerrucco fo eht sretsasid
elbaniatsus basis. nI weiv fo ,eseht retsasiD .sevlesmeht
tnemeganaM stroffe llac rof tsomtu ytiroirp
at all eht slevel os as ot esilartuen eht 2.0 RETSASID - A LABOLG VRECNOC
esnemmi egamad laitnetop fo eht sretsasid
tsaelta ot a niatrec .tnetxe nevE as taerg cifitneics seirevocsid dna
lacigolonhcet snoitavonni ekat ecalp ssorca
ehT real ygetarts ot retsasid tnemeganam eht ,dlrow ti si lacinori taht eht rebmun fo
dluohs sserdda seussi detaler ot ,noitagitim sretsasid sah neeb no eht esir htiw eht
,ssenderaperp esnopser dna .yrevocer rebmun fo elpoep detceffa/dellik rep retsasid
sdrawoT gnivlove siht ,ygetarts ti si osla gniwohs na gnisaercni dnert .)l-elbaT(
evitarepmi ot ,yfitnedi ,retsasid-yb-retsasid oN noiger si yllaer eerf morf eht sretsasid
eht laicurc noitamrofni sdeen ni redro ot dna rieht .tcapmi ehT tnecer ekauqhtrae ni
krow tuo eht ksir lasiarppa gnidulcni eboK (Japan) detartsnomed ytilibarenluv fo
ytilibarenluv sisylana fo a ralucitrap ,niarret neve depoleved yteicos etipsed hgih
,noitciderp gninraw dna noitneverp fo eht ygolonhcet dna sti noitacilppa ni yadyreve
suortsasid .stneve retsasiD tnemeganam .efil ehT seirtnuoc ni htuoS aisA evah
serusaem osla liatne noitanimaxe fo eht esrevid citamilcorga -snoiger hgih
ytilibaborp fo ecnerrucco dna eht ,sniatnuom lainnerep ,srevir dira dna -imes
,secneuqesnoc gnidnatsrednu fo eht latot dira ,snoiger latsaoc stleb dna yrd dimuh-bus
sessecorp ni noitaler ot eht esuac dna ,tceffe snoiger dna evisnetxe tserof srevoc htiw a
noitacifitnedi fo evitneverp serusaem dna hgih eerged fo .ytisrevidoib elihW gnol
noitatnemelpmi fo eucser .seigetarts elihW latsaoc snoiger are enorp ot senolcyc dna
eht lanoitanretnI edaceD rof Natural retsasiD dira dna dira-imes snoiger ot tnetsisrep
noitcudeR (IDNDR) sedivorp a daorb ,sthguord eht nayalamiH niatnuom niarret
krowemarf rof tnemssessa fo ksir dna strap fo eht latnenitnoc tsurc are enorp ot
,ediwdlrow laudividni seirtnuoc tsum ekauqhtrae dna .sedilsdnal ehT s’noiger raen
etartnecnoc no (i) noitacifitnedi fo drazah lainnerep srevir are tcejbus ot cidoirep
senoz (ii) ksir ,tnemssessa (iii) noitaerc fo .sdoolf yletanutrofnU eht tnempoleved
ssenerawa at suoirav slevel )vi( gnivlove ssecorp flesti sdael ot esnemmi erusserp no
smetsys rof ,gnirotinom noitciderp dna eht ,roop ohw are decrof ot etargim ot areas
,gninraw )v( gningised mret-gnol evitneverp taht are erom elbarenluv ot .retsasid
serusaem larutcurts( dna )larutcurts-non dna gnidroccA ot SU saesrevo tnempoleveD
mret-trohs evitcetorp serusaem dna ,licnuoc xis tuo fo yreve net fo eht s’dlroW
,ssenderaperp ylrae noitnevretni roop are gnieb dehsup yb elbaniatsusnu
)iv(
’ ,serusaem )iiv( ,noitacude ,gniniart cilbup larutlucirga secitcarp dna hgih noitalupop
,noitamrofni refsnart)iiiv( fo ,ygolonhcet dna htworg otni lanigram sdnal taht are erom
(ix) hcraeser no devorpmi ygolonhcet dna elbarenluv ot sretsasid ,hsakarP( 1994).
47th IAF Congress 293
ynaM are nevird yb wols edam-nam gnitnuocca rof tuoba 40% fo eht .seitlausac
seitimalac hcus as revo ,noitalupop cimonoce ehT ecnerrucco fo ereves thguord gnirud
,seitilauqeni lanosrep dna lanoitan tbed 198488 ni ,aipoihtE rojam niarg gnicudorp
snedrub dna livic .sraw ehT tcapmi fo secnivorp fo ,adanaC ,aisA ailartsuA dna
larutan sretsasid sah neeb ereves no eht rehto nacirfA seirtnuoc si llits hserf ni namuh
noitalupop dna ymonoce fo gnipoleved .yromem
,seirtnuoc hcihw kcal ytilibapac ot laed htiw
hcus seitimalac eud ot rieht ytilibarenluv yllacitcarP all eht gnipoleved ,seirtnuoc
delpuoc htiw ,ytrevop ,ycaretilli dna ytilibani gnieb yliramirp ,nairarga are yrev hcum
ot ekatrednu evitagitim ro ylemit tnedneped no eht seiragav fo lanosaes llafniar
evitaroilema .serusaem dna citamilc .snoitidnoc ehT erutcip fo
citarre llafniar gnisuac sdoolf ni niatrec areas
revO 60% fo all eht detroper rojam larutan dna sthguord ni rehto strap fo eht yrtnuoc
sretsasid evah derrucco ni eht gnipoleved gnitluser ni daerpsediw enimaf snoitidnoc si
seirtnuoc hcihw evah eht tsael yticapac ot a nommoc ecnerrucco ni eht gnipoleved
niatsus yvaeh .sessol ,yllareneG ytilibapac .seirtnuoc roF ,elpmaxe adamraN reviR fo
fo a noitan ot ekat pu feiler dna retsasid aidnI hcihw si ton deredisnoc a yllainnerep
ssenderaperp si ylesolc detcennoc htiw eht enorp-doolf ,revir sah kaep egrahcsid emit
htlaew dna gnivil snoitidnoc fo a .yrtnuoc tsuj rof a detimil doirep enuJ( ot ).tpeS
scitsitatS no sretsasid ni eht tsap ytnewt sraey gnirud eht noosnom elihw ereht si muminim
,wohs taht elihw hgih cimonoce segamad egrahcsid gnirud eht gniniamer trap fo eht
derrucco ni ylhgih depoleved ,seirtnuoc erom raey .)l-giF( ,noitatserofeD noisnetxe fo
elpoep tsol rieht sevil dna cimonoce larutlucirga seitivitca ni elbarenluv areas
secneuqesnoc erew erom ereves ni eht delpuoc htiw desaercni lios noisore dna
gnipoleved .seirtnuoc rojaM sretsasid ecnis noitadarged fo tnemhctac areas evah del ot
1900 evah desuac revo 45 noillim shtaed dna tneuqerf hsalf sdoolf hguorht noitcuder ni
detceffa revo 3.7 noillib elpoep yllabolg larutan egarots yticapac .)2-giF( ehT -doolf
(Paratesi, 1991) gnitluser ni evissam egamad enorp area ni aidnI sah neeb gnisaercni
dna noitcurtsed fo ytreporp dna .yllacitamard ehT lanoitaN doolF
.erutcurtsarfni ylhgiH detalupop dna noissimmoC sah detamitse ni 1978 taht eht
elbarenluv naisA tnenitnoc sah neeb eht enorp-doolf area sah desaercni morf tuoba 25
tsegral mitciv fo hcus sretsasid gnitnuocca noillim seratceh at eht dne fo eht s0691 ot
rof revo 60% fo shtaed dna 85% fo detceffa tuoba 40 noillim seratceh yb eht s0791-dim
elpoep .yllabolg fO all eseht ,sretsasid dna ot tuoba 65 ahm won - na yranidroartxe
thguord gnidulcni( )enimaf dna doolf are esaercni ni tsuj a elpuoc fo sedaced ecnis
elbisnopser rof tsegral rebmun fo shtaed 1978. nO na ,egareva scitsitats etacidni taht
revo( 53%), gnisuac elbaraperri egamad dna ereves thguord srucco ecno yreve evif sraey
cimonoce .ssol gnidroccA ot tnecer ni tsom fo eht laciport ,seirtnuoc hguoht
,setamitse ylhguor 44% fo eht egamad ni netfo yeht rucco no evisseccus sraey gnisuac
1991 eud ot eht larutan sretsasid dlrow ediw dlotnu yresim ot namuh efil dna .kcotsevil
si detubirtta ot sdoolf enola ,oaR( 1996). ehT detnedecerpnu thguord gnirud 1987-88
ehT tcapmi fo gnirrucer sretsasid eud ot ni aidnI detluser ni a noitcuder fo 15 noillim
mrots segrus si neve erom gnitatsaved as senot ni sti launna doof niarg .tuptuo seidutS
decnedive morf eht rebmun fo elpoep dellik wohs taht erom naht 500 noillim elpoep evil
ni .hsedalgnaB tuobA 60% fo all shtaed eud ni eht thguord enorp areas fo eht dlrow dna
ot mrots segrus evah derrucco ni eht wol 30% fo eht eritne latnenitnoc ecafrus si
gniyl latsaoc areas fo eht seirtnuoc gniredrob detceffa yb sthguord ro noitacifitresed
eht yaB fo lagneB dna eht gniniojda sessecorp ,oaR( 1996). ehT cirotsih
namadnA ,aeS htiw hsedalgnaB enola seilamona ni ruo llarevo ledom fo htworg
294 47th FAI ssergnoC
and tnempoleved evah edam ytirojam fo eht snoitarepo are mret-trohs retsasid-tsop
noitalupop yllaicepse ni gnipoleved seirtnuoc seitivitca )noitatilibaher( dengised ot nruter
erom elbarenluv ot eht larutan disasters. tI is lativ lroppus-efil smetsys ot eziminim
yllaer an etanutrofnu xodarap that tsom fo gnitarepo ;sdradnats dna mret-gnol -tsop
eht qripoleved seirtnuoc ekil ,aidnI ni etips retsasid seitivitca )noitcurtsnocer( dengised
fo rieht elbakramer stnemeveihca ni smret fo ot nruter efil ot lamron ro devorpmi slevel
neerg ,noitulover lairtsudni ,noitulover .)S-giF( ehT cisab tnemeriuqer fo gnivlove
gnicnahne eht rep atipac emocni dna llarevo elbatius serusaem rof noitagitim dna
ytilauq fo ,efil evah denrut erom elbarenluv ssenderaperp si ytilibarenluv sisylana fo a
ot eht larutan sretsasid dna eseht sretsasid are ralucitrap metsysocE/niarret ot eht .sretsasid
gnisuac erom egamad dna noitcurtsed won ehT ytilibarenluv fo na area si denimreted yb
naht reve erofeb .)3-giF( htiW neerg sti tnerehni larutan dna edam-nam
,noitulover latnemnorivne ytirgetni tog latnemnorivne ,snoitidnoc citamilc
.detulid htiW lairtsudni ,noitulover nabru ,ruoivaheb dna osla sti ,lacitilop ,laicos
smuls tog detarefilorp dna ni ruo llarevo lacisyhp dna cimonoce serutcurts ot
tseuq rof lacidar cimonoce-oicos dnatshtiw dna dnopser ot larutan drazah
,snoitamrofsnart ycaretilli dna stneve .+giF( nI ,noitidda niatrec spuorg fo
,ytrevop
ytiuqeni tog .detauteprep sA a ,tluser eseht ,elpoep sepyt fo lacisyhp stessa dna smrof fo
sdrazah dna sretsasid evah yltcerid tih eht cimonoce ytivitca nac eb ylralucitrap
tseroop dna tsom devirped snoitces fo ruo elbarenluv ot .egamad gnikooL at eht
.yteicos esehT os dellac larutan sretsasid noitamrofni stnemeriuqer rof hcae retsasid
ylbairavni emoceb laicos sretsasid .yletamitlu tnemeganam ytivitca rof hcae epyt fo
nI esac retfa ,esac ti sah neeb dnuof taht eht ,retsasid gnidulcni na gnidnatsrednu no eht
larutan sretsasid tsomla esoohc rieht smitciv ecneuqes fo lacisyhp sessecorp gnidael ot a
yb eht-ssalc tseroop fo eht roop gnivil no eht larutan retsasid ,)7-giF( ti smees etiuq
snigram fo eht tnemnorivne .)4-giF( suhT suoivbo taht ecaps ygolonhcet stupni are
sretsasid yortsed eht ,efil ,ymonoce laicurc rof retsasid .tnemeganam elihW
,erutcurtsarfni tnemnorivne dna yteicos setilletas mrofrep a yratnemelpmoc elor ot
esuaceb all are deknilretni dna egamad eht dleif ,syevrus ecnassiannocer level ,syevrus
namuh noitazilivic as a .elohw dna dnuorg atad noitcelloc smroftalp ni
gniniatbo emos fo siht ,noitamrofni yeht
3.0 RETSASID TSEU!EGA!!AM reffo eht tseb snaem fo gniniatbo lacitirc
noitamrofni ni ynam sretsasid dna ni ynam
gniredisnoC eht suodnemert dna tneuqerf .snoitautis ecapS ygolonhcet si eht ylno
evitcurtsed laitnetop fo eht ,sretsasid ti si snaem ot niatbo dedeen real emit
evitarepmi ot evlove a elbatius ygetarts rof ,noitamrofni ni etomer dna elbisseccani
tneiciffe retsasid .tnemeganam sdrawoT areas.
gnihsilpmocca siht ,ksat eht tsom tnatropmi
tnemeriuqer si ot tsrif ,yfitnedi -yb-retsasid ecapS desab smetsys edivorp elbaulav stupni
,retsasid eht noitamrofni deriuqer yb retsasid dna are eht ylno sloot taht( niamer detceffanu
sreganam ni hcae fo eht lacitirc seitivitca fo yb eht tcapmi fo na )tneve rof gnissessa eht
retsasid ,tnemeganam hcihw sedulcni ytilibarenluv revenehw a retsasid tneve
,noitagitim ,ssenderaperp esnopser dna rucco revo a noiger .)2-elbaT( ecapS stupni
.feiler/yrevocer sesnopseR are -dna-erp dluoc eb desu ni gnikat evitneverp serusaem
retsasid-tsop seitivitca dengised ot edivorp hguorht ytilibarenluv ,sisylana drazah gninoz
rof ,noitaucave ot edivorp rof ycnegreme dna a roirp ksir tnemssessa at lanoiger dna
ecnatsissa ot ,seitlausac ot ecuder eht lacol .slevel etilletaS desab rehtaew
ytilibaborp fo yradnoces ,egamad dna ot stsacerof dna ecnavda sgninraw fo ereves
deeps yrevocer .snoitarepo yrevoceR rehtaew lliw eziminim ssol fo efil dna
47th FA1 Congress 295
egamad dna etatilicaf ylemit dna evitceffe evaworcim ,atad yllaicepse ot sserdda eht
,eucser ,feiler dna noitatilibaher fo detceffa yltnetsisrep duolc detcefni areas evah rehtruf
,noitalupop setilletaS are ylralucitrap detius decnahne eht laitnetop esu fo etomer ,gnisnes
ot reviled elacol cificeps retsasid gninraw yb eutriv fo sti all rehtaew .ytilibapac
dna noitacinummoc ot eht ,etomer larur dna
depolevedrednu areas. setilletaS yalp na 3.1.1 doolF gninraW
tnatropmi elor ni gnidivorp (i) elbailer
setamitse fo eht ,egamad (ii) noitacol fo ehT OAF sah depoleved etilletas etomer
suodrazah areas, dna (iii) tnemssessa fo -tsop gnisnes seuqinhcet ot evorpmi eht
retsasid .noitautis etilletaS noitacinummoc ecnallievrus dna gnitsacerof seitilibapac ni
sedivorp na tneiciffe snaem fo gnidivorp .acirfA A metsys dellac eht acirfA -laeR
ylemit dia dna gnitanidrooc eucser stroffe yb emiT latnemnorivnE gnirotinoM noitamrofnI
lartnec feiler tnemeganam seicnega .@-giF( metsyS )SIMETRA( sah neeb depoleved
hguohT eht noitamrofni sdeen no eht esrevid gnisu tasoeteM lamreht derarfni atad rof
emit selacs nac eb tem yb enrobecaps gnitamitse .llafniar gnikroW yltnioj htiw eht
smetsys (Fig-J)), a gnorts evitaitini rof hsedalgnaB Water tnempoleveD ,draoB
gnitargetni noitamrofni devired morf OSRRAPS sah depoleved a ediwnoitan doolf
tnereffid secruos si dellac rof ot sserdda eht gnitsacerof dna gninraw ecivres yb
laicurc seussi fo retsasid tnemeganam ni a gnitargetni etilletas devired * duolc
detanidrooc .rennam erehT si a ytilibissop ’serutangis htiw dleif .atad tnacifingiS
fo gniknil htraE noitavresbO dna stnemeveihca evah neeb edam ni etilletas
noitacinummoC dna noitagivaN setilletaS ot desab noitatipicerp tsacerof dna doolf
poleved labolg noitamrofni erutcurtsarfni tnemeganam yb .anihC llA rehtaew dna
hcihw dluoc reffo elbaiv snoitulos ot ynam fo laer-isauq emit etilletas desab doolf
eht smelborp detaler ot retsasid ;tnemeganam gnirotinom smetsys evah neeb depoleved rof
tub ti nac eb decnahne ylno htiw lanoitanretni rojam revir .snisab nI ,lapeN
.noitarepooc RRHVA/AAON segami erew desu rof doolf
gninraw rof eht eritne .noiger sediseB
3.1 doolF tnemeganaM gnidivorp stupni rof evitatitnauq noitamitse
fo ,noitatipicerp yranoitatsoeg etilletas evah
ecapS ygolonhcet htiw etairporppa dnuorg emoceb ylgnisaercni lufpleh rof noitcelloc fo
troppus smetsys hcus as, retsasiD gninraW atad no ,llafniar revir ,segats ,.cte rof etomer
metsyS (DWS), Data noitcelloC mroftalP detibahninu snoitacol revo eht dnal gnisu
(DCPs), ycnegreme ,slanimret ,.cte si gnieb atad yaler srednopsnart )TRD( dna atad
ylediw desu ot edivorp elbaulav noitamrofni noitcelloc smroftalp (DCP) ,oaR( 1994).
dna secivres sdrawot doolf ,tsacerof feiler ehT noitacinummoc setilletas dluoc osla eb
dna tnemeganam .serusaem roF cifitneics ylevitceffe desu ni gnitanimessid gninraw
gninnalp dna noitucexe fo suoirav .noitamrofni ehT lufsseccus gnihcnual dna
tnemeganam ,serusaem ti si yrassecen ot noitasilanoitarepo fo eht dnoces noitareneg
niatbo elbailer noitamrofni tuoba dehsretaw TASNI setilletas ni evah,aidnI yltaerg
scitsiretcarahc dna revir noitarugifnoc dna sti devorpmi ecaps ygolonhcet snoitacilppa rof
ruoivaheb ot ylevitceffe esilitu eht emas ot rehtaew gnirotinom dna retsasid .gninraw
dnatsrednu doolf .noitautis etipseD ehT yradnoces atad noitasilitu sertnec at
snoitatimil fo duolc revoc dna gnol tisiver suoirav gnitsacerof sertnec fo eht aidnI
,doirep ,setilletas evah neeb gnidivorp lativ lacigoloroeteM tnemtrapeD eviecer
noitamrofni sdrawot (a) noitatipicerp tsacerof dessecorp duolc ,serutcip elimiscaf strahc
dna gninraw ; (b) noitadnuni gnippam dna dna lanoitnevnoc lacigoloroetem atad
egamad tnemssessa ; dna (c) doolf nialp dettimsnart morf TASNI lacigoloroeteM
.tnemeganam tneceR secnavda ni gnisu Data gnissecorP .metsyS
692 47th FAI ssergnoC
noitargetni htiw gnitsixe gnitsacerof .sledom
3.1.2 noitadnunI wkmalI, dna oslA evaworcim atad morf I-SRE si ni
used
Damage tnemssessA noitcnujnoc htiw lacitpo atad ot revo emoc
eht noitatimil fo duolc .revoc
gnippaM fo dooH detceffa areas si eno fo eht
tsom lufsseccus snoitacilppa fo etilletas 3.1.3 doolF nialP tnemeganaM
etomer gnisnes ni doolf .tnemeganam
esuaceB fo eht raelc ecnereffid ni eht lartceps hguohT doolf gnitsacerof dna ,gninraw
,serutangis ti si etiuq elbissop ot pam areas gnippam eht doolf detceffa areas dna egamad
rednu gnidnats ,retaw areas morf erehw tnemssessa are ,tnatropmi eht tsurht dluohs
doolf retaw dah ,dedecer degrembus gnidnats eb rof eht evitceffe tnemeganam fo doolf
porc areas, dnas gnitsac fo larutlucirga ,sdnal snialp as siht enola nac gnirb gnol gnitsal
sehcaerb ni eht ,stnemknabme denooram noitulos dna ecuder eht ssol .nedrub
segalliv dna ,snwot .cte gnisU etad-itlum noitacifitnedI fo doolf enorp revir ,snisab
etilletas ,seiregami eht tnetxe fo egamad eud tnemssessa fo detcepxe ksir ,slevel dna
ot porc ,ssol noitcurtsed fo larutcurtsarfni noitceles fo elbatius dnal dna retaw
seitilicaf ,.cte nac eb .dessessa tnemeganam serusaem are eht rojam
stnenopmoc fo detargetni revir nisab
nI Brazil, yletomer desnes atad si gnieb desu tnempoleved erehw etomer gnisnes syalp a
rof gnippam doolf detceffa areas ecnis 198 1. lativ .elor sisylanA fo etaditlum etilletas atad
doolF gnirotinom dna egamad noitaulave rof nac dael ot doolf ksir enoz ,spam hcihw si
eht rewol sehcaer fo eht wolleY revir si eno yrev hcum laitnesse ot etaluger eht esu fo
fo eht lufsseccus stcejorp gnieb detnemelpmi doolf snialp ni a dennalp .rennam roF
yb eht esenihC ymedacA fo .secneicS nI ,elpmaxe ni ,aidnI etilletas devired stupni are
,dnaliahT retfa eht gnitatsaved sdoolf fo gnieb desu ot evirra at detargetni revir nisab
1988, etilletas atad si gnieb yllufsseccus desu tnempoleved snalp rof rojam revir snisab
rof egamad tnemssessa dna doolf nialp .)ol-giF( ,oslA noisore enorp areas gnola
,.tnemeganam ecapS ygolonhcet rof doolf revir knab dluoc eb deifitnedi dna derotinom
gnirotinom dna tnemeganam evah neeb rof gnitcetorp eht dnal dna .statibah spaM
yllufsseccus desilanoitarepo ni .aidnI rae’h deraperp morf yletomer desnes atad gniwohs
emit-laer gnirotinom dna egamad tnemssessa eganiard detsegnoc areas dluoc eb desu
fo all rojam doolf stneve are gnieb deirrac ylevitceffe ot diova .gnidoolf
tuo .yllanoitarepo etilletaS etomer gnisnes
dna cihpargoeG noitamrofnI metsyS )SIG(
euqinhcet evah neeb detargetni ni hguohT eht ecnerrucco fo sdoolf tonnac eb
artupamharB revir nisab ot edivorp ,detneverp rieht suortsasid tceffe nac yrev
noitamrofni no dedoolf area dna egamad ot llew eb detagitim ot ecuder eht .ssol
,sdnalporc sdaor dna .skcart-liar labolG gniggolC fo eganiard slennahc htiw tnemides
gninoitisoP metsyS (GPS) si gnieb desu ot dna ,sirbed gnirednaem fo smaerts dna
dia tnempoleved fo latigiD noitavelE ledoM segnahc ni eht noitidnoc fo eht evitategev
(DEM) fo a doolf enorp area ni arhdnA revoc hcus as noitatserofed yam tluser ni
hsedarP ,etatS ot elbane tnemssessa fo laitaps ssecxe ffonur dna gnixatrevo fo eht
noitadnuni at tnereffid retaw slevel ni eht dehsiibatse eganiard .slennahc suounitnoC
.revir nehW eht etilletas devired dnal gnirotinom fo ruo revir snisab gnisu etilletas
esu/revoc dna yrallicna dnuorg desab atad can edivorp lativ seulc tuoba eseht
cimonoceoicos atad si depard revo DEM, .stcepsa ehT laitnetop fo yletomer desnes
doolf ytilibarenluv nac eb dessessa ot edivorp atad ni noitamitse fo tnemides ,dleiy revir
noitacol cificeps doolf .sgninraw etomeR noitargim seiduts dna gnirotinom noitategev
gnisneS atad are gnieb detaulave rof revoc egnahc si llew dehsilbatse ,ziugitdoR(
47th FAI ssergnoC 792
1992, ,oaR 1989 dna ,oaR 1996). ehT tsom ylrae gninraw fo thguord hcihw si tey ot eb
tneiciffe doolf noitneverp larutcurts ecitcarp ylluf .desilanoitarepo seidutS evah detacidni
si doolf retaw gnidrater ,smad hcihw ton taht niatrec egral elacs lacigoloroetem
ylno lortnoc eht ssecxe ffonur tub osla snrettap are detaicossa htiw eht eruliaf fo eht
edivorp na tnellecxe ytinutroppo as a remmus tsewhtuos ,noosnom hcihw si eht
riovreser taht nac teem eht retaw niam esuac fo sthguord ni naidnI
tnemeriuqer at a retal .egats esehT noitneter tnenitnocbus ,oaR( 1988). srotcaF taht nac
smad osla tca as dnuorg retaw gnigrahcer edivorp ylrae noitacidni fo elbissop sthguord
serutcurts draliG( 1996). nI niatrec areas, edulcni reppu air sdniw revo eht ,aidnI eht
erehw sdoirep fo esnetni noitatipicerp si tnempoleved fo toh erusserp-wol areas revo
,lanosaes ti si suht elbissop ot ekam elpitlum nrehtuos ,aisA dna eht lE mehtuoS/oniN
esu fo eht noitneter .egarots sediseB ffonur noitallicsO anemonehp ni eht cificaP .naecO
noitamitse dna hpargordyh sisylana desab no rehtO srotcaf taht nac eb devresbo yb
dehsretaw ,scitsiretcarahc stupni devired etilletas dna hcihw are detaler ot llafniar
morf etilletas atad dluoc eb ylevitceffe desu snrettap are aes ecafrus ,erutarepmet wons
ot yfitnedi ton ylno elbatius snoitacol desab ,revoc duolc ,snrettap dniw yticolev dna
no dnal revoc dna lios scitsiretcarahc rof ,noitcerid dna cirehpsomta /erutarepmet
suoirav larutcurts serusaem tub osla ot ytidimuh .seliforp yranoitatsoeG dna ralop
yfitnedi eht ytilibarenluv fo a ralucitrap revir gnitibro wol htrae tibro setilletas edivorp na
nisab ot eht sdoolf .)11-giF( roF ,elpmaxe tnellecxe snaem fo gnivired tsom fo eseht
kciht stserof htiw suorop lios muidem elbane noitamrofni no lanoiger dna labolg .selacs
ot ecuder eht ’skaeP‘ ni eht hpargordyh dna hcraeseR si yawrednu ot poleved erom
tluser ni ssel .ffo-nur ,suhT na detargetni etarucca sledom gnivlovni eht ,cirehpsomta
hcaorppa sdrawot dnal dna retaw eniram dna dnal srotcaf dna ni ralucitrap ot
tnemeganam htiw reporp noitavresnoc tsacerof noosnom tnempoleved dna neve
serusaem nac yltnacifingis ecuder eht egamad erom yltnatropmi eht kaerb ni noosnom
eud ot .sdoolf hcihw stluser ni eht .thguord esehT stroffe
yam ylbissop dael ot ylemit sdoolf/sthguord
.tsacerof
3.2 thguorD tnemepanaM
nI acirfA RRHVA/AAON atad are desu ot
thguorD tnemeganam sevlovni tnempoleved etamitse eht noitategev ,snoitidnoc htiw eht
fo htob trohs mret dna gnol mret seigetarts . pleh fo eht SIMETRA .metsys SIME’IKA
trohS mret ygetarts sedulcni ylrae ,gninraw ylraluger setubirtsid atad stcudorp gnibircsed
gnirotinom dna tnemssessa fo sthguord llafniar ytilibaborp dna lautca noitatipicerp
saerehw gnol mret seigetarts mia at sthguord devired morf tasoeteM dna osla ylemit
noitagitim serusaem hguorht reporp noitamrofni no porc snoitidnoc dna doof
noitagirri ,gniludehcs lios dna retaw egatrohs eud ot ,sthguord tresed ,tsucol ,.cte
,noitavresnoc gnipporc nrettap ,noitazimitpo hguorht RRHVA/AAON devired desilanrroN
.cte ecnereffiD noitategeV xednI .)IVDN( ehT
ylrae thguord gninraw smetsys ni aisyalaM
seiler yliramirp no eht orgA lacigolocE
3.2.1 vlraE gninraW fo theuorD noitanoZ dna larutlucirgA llafniaR xednI
)IRA( .sdohtem sediseB eseht owt
ylraE gninraw fo thguord si lufesu rof -no lanoitnevnoc ,sdohtem eht esu fo etilletas
mraf snoitarepo dna ot evirra at na lamitpo etomer gnisnes rof sthguord ssenderaperp si
lacol retaw noitasilitu .nrettap llafniaR gnieb depoleved rednu eht citamilc-orgA
seilamona as devresbo morf /yranoitatsoeg tcapmI tnemssessA tcejorP .)AICORGA(
lacigoloroetem setilletas are gnieb desu rof
892 47th FAI Congress
2.2.3 tnemssessA and gnirotinolJ laitaps ytilibairav dna tcapmi no reddof/porc
.noitcudorp htiW eht noitasilanoitarepo fo
gnirotinoM and assessment fo sthguord era C1-SRI SFiW dna 3P-SRI SFiW dna RIWS
deriuqer rof taking evitcerroc .serusaem at ,sdnab ni nosaes larutlucirga thguord
etairporppa .semit ot esiminim eht noitcuder gnirotinom ytilibapac has devorpmi rehtruf
ni larutlucirga ytivitcudorp ni thguord enorp .)21-giF(
areas. gnirotinoM dna tnemssessa fo
sthguord osla edivorp evitcejbo noitamrofni 3.2.3 thguorD gnifoorP/gnitabmoC
no eht ,ecnelaverp ytireves level dna
ecnetsisrep fo thguord snoitidnoc ni a -emit elihW eht noitcurtsnoc fo egral sriovreser ot
evitceffe rennam hcihw lliw eb lufpleh ot eht erusne noitagirri dna gniknird retaw
ecruoser sreganam ni yllamitpo gnitacolla detubirtnoc ot a egral tnetxe sdrawot
ecracs secruoser ot erehw dna nehw yeht are noitagitim fo sthguord ni tnereffid ,seirtnuoc
tsom .dedeen eht roop dna tneiciffeni tnemeganam fo dnal
ehT etilletas devired noitategev xedni )IV( dna retaw secruoser ni evitcepser dnammoc
hcihw si evitisnes ot noitategev sserts si won areas evah detluser ni evissam dnal
gnieb desu ylsuounitnoc ot rotinom thguord noitadarged ekil ,ytinilakla/ytinilas
snoitidnoc no a emit-laer basis, netfo gnipleh ,gniggolretaw ,.cte dna suht gnisuac suoires
eht noisiced srekam etaitini seigetarts rof nrecnoc ot ruo lanoitnevnoc ledom fo
yrevocer yb gnignahc gnipporc snrettap dna thguord .noitagitim etomeR gnisnes stupni
secitcarp ,oaR( 1992). ehT esu fo no dnal ,noitadarged esudnal ,segnahc dna
lacigoloroetem etilletas atad ot ssessa eht segnahc ni dnuorg retaw snoitautculf gnola
laitaps dna laropmet seicauqedani fo llafniar htiw lacigoloce tcapmi mrof eht basis fo
at lacitirc porc segats dna tneuqesbus tneiciffe dnal dna retaw secruoser
tnemssessa fo porc noitidnoc/sutats desab no tnemeganam ni eht dnammoc areas. roF
IV seilamona edivorp na tnellecxe thguord ,elpmaxe ni aidnI etilletas atad si desu ot
gnirotinom .msinahcem ,revewoH etaeniled deggolretaw dna enilas areas dna
enrobecaps stnemerusaem evah ot eb rof lacigoloce tcapmi seiduts ot dnif snoitulos
detargetni htiw detupmoc ytidira ylamona ot eseht .smelborp
desab no dleif stnemerusaem fo .llafniar dna
porc sradnelac ot gnirb tuo real emit thguord thguorD gnifoorp sllac rof detargetni
snoitidnoc fo a .noiger hcaorppa gnikat otni tnuocca eht -itlum
lanoisnemid retni segaknil neewteb suoirav
A etomer gnisnes desab lanoitaN larutan secruoser and tnemnorivne no eno
larutlucirgA thguorD tnemssessA dna dnah dna eht lautum seicnedneped-retni fo
gnirotinoM metsyS )SMADAN( rof larutan secruoser no eht .rehto etilletaS
ediwyrtnuoc gnirotinom ni aidnI sah neeb etomer gnisnes desab detargetnI noissiM rof
depoleved dna si gnieb desu rof lanoitarepo elbaniatsuS tnempoleveD )DSMI( si a euqinu
.gnirotinom nI eht tsrif esahp fo SMADAN naidnI ecneirepxe ot , evlove noitca snalp
setargetni eht llafniar dna ytidira ylamona sdrawot gnitabmoc sthguord ni eht pord-kcab
htiw IV atad tes ot edivorp citsilaer fo cimonoce-oicos snoitidnoc fo .dehsretaw
tnemssessa fo .sthguord ,yllaitinI ylkeewib ehT detargetni hcaorppa fo gnisilitu eht
thguord snitellub rof 246 thguord enorp gnitsixe lanoitnevnoc atad htiw etilletas
stcirtsid fo eht yrtnuoc erew deussi ot etomer gnisnes atad semussa retaerg
denrecnoc resu seicnega at all slevel rof ecnatropmi ni redro ot poleved lanoitarepo
yrassecen .noitca desaB no eht resu seigolodohtem ni cisab ecruoser gnippam dna
,kcabdeef eht dnoces esahp fo SMADAN tnemeganam ot etalumrof gnol mret sthguord
saw dehcnual ni 1992 hcihw sedulcni deliated noitagitim serusaem ,eaR( 1993). htiW eht
ylhtnom thguord tnemssessa ni smret fo noitargetni fo yletomer desnes atad dna
47th IAF ssergnoC 299
lanoitnevnoc noitamrofni hguorht 3.3 ekauqhtraE
lacihpargoeg noitamrofni ,metsys etis
cificeps snoitulos are devlove gnidrocca ot ekauqhtraE ksir tnemssessa sevlovni
eht dnal ytilibapac ssalc gnivah( ralimis noitacifitnedi fo cimsies senoz hguorht
citamilc dna ytivitcudorp serugif fo ,)tirem noitcelloc fo ,larutcurts/lacigoloeg
hcihw si rehtruf dedivid otni orcim level lacisyhpoeg yliramirp( )lacigolomsies dna
stinu gnidneped nopu eht dnik fo lios lacigolohpromoeg atad dna gnippam fo
,snoitatimil citamilc ,scitsiretcarahc ,noisore nwonk cimsies anemonehp ni eht ,noiger
erutsiom gnidloh ,ytilibapac ,.cte dna ylniam( sertnecipe htiw .)sedutingam hcuS a
elbatius tnemeganam/noitavresnoc secitcarp pam sllac rof elbaredisnoc tnuoma fo
are detseggus rof rieht tnempoleved oaR( noitalopartxe dna noitaterpretni no eht basis
,la.te 1989). ehT cificeps-elacol noitca fo eht elbaliava .atad erehT si osla a
,snalp ot ,etartsulli edulcni (i) retaw ycnednet rof sekauqhtrae ot rucco ni “gaps”,
gnitsevrah ,serutcurts (ii) lios noitavresnoc hcihw are ni secalp gnola na ekauqhtrae tleb
hguorht gnicarret dna ruotnoc ,gnidnub (iii) erehw gnorts ekauqhtrae dah ton ylsuoiverp
,noitatseroffa yrtserof-orga dna -orga neeb .devresbo ehT egdelwonk fo sdnert ni
,erutlucitroh )vi( doowleuf dna reddof emit ro ni ecaps spleh ni gninifed eht ecruos
,tnempoleved )v( dnas enud ,noitazilibats .cte snoiger fo erutuf skcohs kimaK( dna
yranimilerP stluser fo eht noitatnemelpmi fo nessimreglA 1978). etilletaS yregami dluoc
DSMI noitca snalp ni a wef yllainnerep eb desu ni gnitaeniled cinotcetoen serutcurts
thguord enorp dehsretaw wohs tnacifingis dna ot yfiralc cinotcetomsies snoitidnoc ni
.stnemevorpmi roF ,elpmaxe ,ruphtnanA a ekauqhtrae ksir .senoz etaruccA gnippam fo
enorpthguord tcirtsid ni eht niar wodahs enoz lacigolohpromoeg serutaef gniniojda
ni eht ralusnineP aidnI si desiretcarahc htiw stnemaenil laever evitca tnemevom ro tnecer
tsuj 300 mm fo egareva launna .llafniar cinotcet ytivitca gnola .stluaf etilletaS
hcihw si eht dnoces tsewol ni eht .yrtnuoc yregami fo eht nailotanA-htroN tluaf enoz
ehT citamilc seilamona gnola htiw saw desu ot etaeniled tluaf smetsys fo
elbaniatsusnu larutlucirga secitcarp revo eht laitnetop ekauqhtrae ksir hcihw erew ton
sraey sah decrof eht lacol stnatibahni ni emos deppam yb dnuorg .syevrus seidutS deirrac
strap fo eht tcirtsid ot etargim ot rehto areas. tuo yb oaR .te al (1993) evah dethgilhgih eht
ehT noitatnemelpmi fo noitca snalp evah noitalerroc neewteb rojam stnemaenil dna eht
detluser ni (i) ecuder eht ffonur ssol yb tuoba cimsies ytivitca ni rutaL area ni
50%, (ii) esir ni retaw level morf 0.9 ot 5 Maharashtra, .aidnI tI saw devresbo taht
sertem eud ot tcapmi fo kcehc smad dna neewteb 1967 dna 1977 tuoba 100
noitalocrep sknat dna (iii) ecnahne eht sekauqhtrae (86 ni anyoK area )enola fo
larutlucirga ytivitcudorp yb 2 ot 5 semit ytisnetni 4 ro evoba no illacreM elacs evah
,nagnarirutsaK( 1995). ,ylralimiS ni a lacipyt derrucco ni nrehtuoS naidnI .alusnineP tsoM
thguord enorp fo amU inaG dehsretaw fo fo eseht evah neeb dnuof ot rucco ni eht
rupardnahC ,tcirtsiD ,aidnI eseht noitca ytiniciv fo NNE-SSW. ot NW-SE gnidnert
snalp erew detnemelpmi htiw eht evitca agem .stnemaenil
tnemevlovni fo tcirtsiD ,slaiciffo sremraf dna
‘NGOs. erehT sah neeb a elbakramer egnahc
ni eht llarevo sutats fo dehsretaw .)3-elbaT( ecapS seuqinhcet evah emocrevo eht
hcuS stroffe etartsnomed taht eht noissim fo snoitatimil fo dnuorg citedoeg
thguord noitagitim/gnifoorp si stnemerusaem/syevrus dna evah emoceb na
elbahsilpmocca htiw eht pleh fo yletomer laitnesse loot ot ssessa eht /tnemevom
desnes atad ylreporp detargetni htiw rehto stnemecalpsid gnola etalp/stluaf seiradnuob
laretaloc .noitamrofni ot neve retemillim level .ycarucca gnisU
yreV gnoL enilesaB yrtemorefretnI ,)IBLV(
300 47th IAF ssergnoC
ti sah neeb elbissop ot drocer yletarucca eht 3.4 cinacloV ksiR tnemssessA
etalp tnemevom fo eht redro fo retemitnec
gnola enilesab fo sderdnuh fo .retemolik nI eht tsal eerht ,sedaced tfarcria dna etilletas
,ylralimiS desab-etilletaS labolG gninoitisoP desab lamreht derarfni )RIT( etomer gnisnes
metsyS (GPS) sah degreme as a lufrewop seuqinhcet evah neeb desu ylevisnetxe ot
citedoeg loot rof gnirotinom )lacigoloeg( tceted dna rotinom ynam fo eht evitca
segnahc revo emit hcihw si eht yek rof seonaclov dnuora eht .dlrow ehT evititeper
gnidnatsrednu eht gnol mret lacimanydoeg ,egarevoc lanoiger ,elacs dna wol tsoc fo
.anemonehp SPG sah neeb ylralucitrap lufesu lamreht RI segami morf setilletas ekam siht
ni gnirusaem eht erom xelpmoc noitamrofed na evitcartta dohtem rof gnirotinom
snrettap ssorca etalp ,seiradnuob erehw egral .seonaclov hguohtlA eht laitaps noituloser fo
dna lanoiger elacs niarts sdliub .pu etalP AAON latnemnorivne etilletas si oot esraoc
,stnemevom spils gnola stluaf ,.cte evah neeb ot drocer sliated fo ecafrus lamreht ,snrettap
derusaem gnisu laitnereffid SPG ot na eht semulp fo ekoms dna hsa morf seonaclov
ycarucca fo bus retemitnec namffoH( .te al are .elbatceted ehT ytiliba ot rotinom ezis
1992). dna noitubirtsid fo cinaclov semulp si lufesu
ni gninnalp eht noitatilibaher fo areas
derevoc yb .hsa
ehT RAS yrtemorefretni si won gnivorp ot
eb a elbaulav ecruos fo noitamrofni stsigolonacloV are ylralucitrap detseretni ni
gnidrager eht lanoisnemid-eerht noitisop fo a ronim dnuorg stnemevom rof eht esoprup fo
.tegrat laitnereffiD RAS yrtemorefretnI (D- gnitsacerof tnenimmi cinaclov .ytivitca
)RASNI nac edivorp lufesu noitamrofni no suoiverP seiduts evah nwohs taht eht drawpu
latsurC .scimanyD ehT noitatupmoc fo -oc noitargim fo amgam morf eht s’htrae tsurc
cimsies dna tsop cimsies tnemecalpsid sdleif tsuj erofeb ,noitpure setalfni eht cinaclov
rof a rojam ekauqhtrae sedivorp tnatropmi .enoc hcuS yrotinomerp sngis nac ylisae dna
seulc ni gnidnatsrednu eht ecruos ylkciuq eb detceted htiw eht dia fo
.msinahcem ehT euqinhcet sah ydaerla neeb laitnereffid RAS .yrtemorefretnI sihT
detadilav rof gnol mret yevrus fo wols seriuqer radar atad fo ylno 3 sessap fo hcihw
gnivom stluaf yllacipyt( 10 rep/mm )raey owt tsum wollof hcae rehto retfa a ylthgils
,nahuahC( 1994). ralucatcepS stluser evah regnol ,doirep nehw egami sriap (1+2) dna
neeb deniatbo gnisu laitnereffid 1-SRE RAS (2 +3) are dessecorp ot ecudorp owt RAS
yrtemorefretni rof eht noitamitse fo eht llams .smargorefretni ehT secnereffid neewteb
niarret .snoitom ssergorP sah osla neeb meht ylraelc wohs eht )egareva( feiler
detroper ni laitnereffid-non yrtemorefretni segnahc rof hcae .lexip evisnetxE
rof eht noitamitse fo eht noitavele fo eht snoitarbilac ni a yteirav fo tset areas evah
niarret accoR( dna nosluoC 1993). saerA nwohs taht yb gnisu siht ,euqinhcet segnahc
dekcor yb s’rednaL ekauqhtrae htuoS( no eht s’htrae ecafrus nac eb detceted ot
)ainrofilaC fo edutingam 7.3 erew deiduts retemitnec .ycarucca ,
gnisu 1-SRE RAS yrtemorefretnI hcihw
dehctam ylemertxe llew htiw a ledom fo eht etomeR gnisnes desab lacigolonaclov
s’htrae noitom as llew as eht lacol hcraeser sah os far detartnecnoc no gnisu
stnemerusaem tennossaM( dna angavdA hgih laitaps noituloser .srosnes seicnarF dna
1993, tennossaM .)3991.la.te ehT srednaL yrehtoR (1987) dna yrehtoR te al. (1988)
,ekauqhtrae esuaceb fo sti egral dna raelc evah nward noitnetta ot eht laitnetop esu fo
ecafrus erutpur fo revo 75 ,mk dedivorp a trohS htgnelevaW derarfnI )RIWS( noiger
evitisop noitadilav fo eht esu fo radar (1 .O ot 3.0 p )m rof gnitceted dna gnirotinom
yrtemoreftetni rof gnirusaem cimsies-oc lamreht stneve gnidulcni .seonaclov yehT
.stnemecalpsid evah nwohs taht lamreht seilamona ssel naht
30 m ni ezis at serutarepmet fo C°051 dna